厦门工业终端能源消费CO_2排放和减排情景分析

工业是城市能源活动CO2排放的最重要部门,核算工业部门CO2排放以及合理的减排情景分析是城市碳减排的关键内容。该研究以区域终端消费电热力产品CO2排放系数为基础,建立终端能源消费CO2排放核算方法,比较了终端法和直接法核算2007年厦门工业能源消费CO2排放量、行业分布和排放强度的差异,分析了影响工业CO2排放的主要因子和各情景下工业CO2减排潜力。研究结果表明:2007年厦门市工业终端能源消费CO2排放量为7 940 kt CO2,排放强度为1.182 t CO2/万元GDP,排放强度较高的行业依次为化学纤维制造业、非金属矿采选业、化学原料及化学制品制造业、电力和热力的生产和供应业等行业,影响排放强度的主要因子为行业能源消费强度、电力能源结构、工业能源结构和工业行业结构;采用终端法核算的厦门工业能源消费CO2排放行业结构与直接法核算结果有明显的差异。通过建立的CO2减排潜力估算方法,预测在规划情景和理想情景下,2015年厦门市工业CO2排放强度将分别下降30.4%和41%,在工业增加值为1 500亿元情景下,CO2排放总量分别为12 358和10 475.9 kt CO2,比2007年增长55.4%和31.7%。     

玉米发酵酒精废水厌氧处理产沼气发电研究

以河南某酒精生产企业为例,研究玉米发酵酒精废水厌氧处理产沼气发电系统工艺可行性和环境经济效益。结果表明:经"两级厌氧+好氧+深度处理"污水处理工艺处理后,COD浓度从40 607 mg/L可降到100mg/L以下,出水能够满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)酒精废水二级标准及《城市污水再生利用工业用水水质》(GB/T 19923-2005)回用水水质的要求;厌氧产生沼气净化后,采用内燃式发电机组燃烧发电,日均发电量为45.1万kwh,经济收益明显;理论上沼气发电系统每年可节标煤53 578.8 t,减少40 719.9 t二氧化碳排放,节能减排效果显著。     

河南省经济增长与能源协整关系模型分析

在环境经济系统中,能源是经济活动的驱动要素,是经济活动的自然基础。本研究以河南区域的资源经济关系为研究对象,选取改革开放以来,河南省1978年-2010年样本区间内国内生产总值和能源生产总量和消耗总量数据,运用协整检验、Granger因果关系检验和误差修正等计量经济统计模型,研究河南省的国内生产总值和能耗生产总量与能源消耗总量在时序维度的长期均衡和短期动态性关系,揭示河南省经济增长与能源生产和能源消费存在的关系,探寻能源与经济的作用关系。通过实证分析表明,在河南省经济增长过程中,能源生产与能源消费和国内生产总值存在着长期的动态均衡关系,Granger因果检验表明能源生产总量、能源消费总量是国内生产总值的Granger原因,能源消费总量是能源生产总量的Granger原因。以上研究结果表明,河南省的经济增长与能源供给的长期依赖关系依然存在。     

蒽醌-2-磺酸钠促进Klebsiella oxytocaGS-4-08脱色产氢机制与产能分析

采用0~0.5 mmol·L~(-1)蒽醌-2-磺酸钠(AQS)研究其对Klebsiella oxytoca GS-4-08厌氧降解甲基橙(MO)的影响,对比细菌产氢、降解碳源及生成产物等情况,得出最佳浓度为0.1 mmol·L~(-1).在该浓度下,Klebsiella oxytoca GS-4-08可在10 h内完全脱色MO,25 h内降解蔗糖达到92%,同时产生0.117 mol·mol~(-1)乙醇和0.116 mol·mol~(-1)乙酸,2.25 mol·mol~(-1)氢气;将实验结果与已有研究进行对比,分析了AQS促进Klebsiella oxytoca GS-4-08厌氧脱色MO与产氢的机制.通过将细菌降解过程中的物质转换为COD进行对比,对降解过程中电子转移进行了分析,得到0.1 mmol·L~(-1)AQS浓度时电子得率最高,其为87.98%;并将细菌降解过程中的能源转换进行对比,得到0.1 mmol·L~(-1)AQS浓度时能源产量最高,其为802 k J·mol~(-1);同时得出Klebsiella oxytoca GS-4-08发酵过程可产生两种以上生物燃料,表明了其在工业生产应用上的前景.     

Primary energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in China

Climate change is one of the focuses to mitigate greenhouse effect and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.First,the paper summarizes on the carbon dioxide emission factors and methods suitable to the situation in China.Second,it analyzes the primary energy-related carbon dioxide emissions during the period between 1995 and 2005 from different fossil fuels and different zones.The trend of primary energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from 1995 to 2005 is"first decreasing and later increasing."Seven regions-Liaoning,Shanxi,Hebei,Shandong,Henan,and Jiangsu-and most of the provinces(cities or regions)were found to have similar trends regarding total carbon dioxide emissions in China.The annual carbon dioxide emissions and the growth ratio of these seven regions are much higher compared to those of the other 24 provinces(cities or regions).Finally,this paper puts forward some suggestions to reduce carbon dioxide.     

Pollutant emissions,energy consumption and economic development in China:Evidence from dynamic panel data

This study investigates the relationship among pollutant emissions,energy consumption and economic development in China during the period 1982-2007 by using a one-step GMM-system model under a multivariable panel VAR framework,controlling for capital stock and labor force.Regarding the data for all 28 provinces as a whole,we find that there is a unidirectional positive relationship running from pollutant emission to economic development and a unidirectional negative relationship between pollutant emission and energy consumption.Based on traditional economic planning,the panel data of28 provinces are divided into two cross-province groups.It is discovered that in the eastern coastal region of China,there is only a unidirectional positive causal relationship leading from economic development to pollutant emission;while in the central and western regions,there are the unidirectional Granger causal relationships between pollutant emission and energy consumption,as well as between pollutant emission and economic development.There is also a unique unidirectional causal relationship running from economic development to energy consumption,which does not appear in the eastem coastal region or in China as a whole.     

Technological Progress,Structural Change and China’s Energy Efficiency

Abstract

China has witnessed rapid economic development since 1978, and during the time, energy production and consumption developed at a tremendous speed as well. Energy efficiency which can be measured by energy consumption per unit of GDP, however, experienced continuous decrease. Theoretically, the change of energy efficiency can be attributed to industry structural change and technological change. In order to explain the transformation of Chinese energy efficiency, we adopt logarithmic mean Divisia index techniques to decompose changes in energy intensity in the period of 1994–2005. We find that technological change is the dominant contributor in the decline of energy intensity, but the contribution has declined since 2001. The change in industry structure has decreased the energy intensity before 1998, but raised the intensity after 1998. Decomposed technological effects for all sectors indicate that technological progresses in high energy consuming industries such as raw chemical materials and chemical products, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products and household contribute are the principal drivers of China’s declining energy intensity.     

China’s Export Expansion,Export Structure and Energy Consumption

Abstract

Since the reform and opening up, China’s export trade has maintained a rapid growth; meanwhile, China’s energy consumption has been increasing sharply. “High export and high energy consumption” has become the feature of China’s trade and economic development. In this paper, based on the input–output analysis approach, the authors have conducted an empirical study on the export trade and energy consumption of 21 trade industrial sectors. The results show that, China is a big net exporter of embodied energy. Assuming that the export growth rate of embodied energy maintains to be about 23.6%, the average annual growth rate of the past 32 years, and based on the input–output data of 2005, by 2030 China’s net export of embodied energy would be over eight times more than the aggregate energy production, which is obviously infeasible. As a country of very low per capita energy, China must change its export pattern, encourage or restrain the export of different industrial sectors according to their energy consumption intensity, and promote structural change of energy– efficient exported products, so as to achieve the sustainable development. Accordingly, the authors put forward some suggestions.     

Recycling and Reusing Heat Energy During the Production of Powdery Phospholipid

The temperature is 56.5°C when acetone gas is rectified during the production of powdery phospholipid. If heat exchanger is added, heat energy that is reclaimed can be used by other heaters. On the basis of exchange hot water (51°C) 4m³ every minute, a factory with the productivity of powdery phospholipid being 10 ton a day can save 533.2 ton standard coal which is equivalent to 746.48 ton common coal. If this technique of saving energy and reducing emission could be widely used in correlative industries of all over the country, economic benefits will be prominent.     

Analysis of the Energy Embodied in Foreign Goods Trade of China

Abstract

In recent years, scientists have been increasingly interested in the energy embodied in traded goods among countries. In this article, the direct energy intensities in various economic sectors of China were calculated with the data of energy consumption and output value of each sector, and the input–output table was used to estimate the external energy consumption. The total energy intensity of all sectors was then obtained. From the data of international trade, the energy embodied in goods trade of China was estimated for the period of 1994–2001. During this period, the average energy intensity of imported goods was always higher than that of exported ones. As a country with a surplus in international goods trade, China actually imported net embodied energy in the past few years. The net embodied energy imported was at the same magnitude of the imported energy in the form of fossil fuels.