天津市农村能源建设与可持续发展战略探讨

本文针对天津市农村能源建设与可持续发展的关系及能源建设方向等问题,分析了天津市农村能源的现状与特征,从而提出能源与经济,环境协调发展,调整能源结构提高农村能源利用的新举措。     

膜生物反应器无剩余污泥排放的研究

本文介绍了以膜生物反应器为基础的剩余污泥产量最少或无剩余污泥产生的最新的污水处理理论和技术。从技术微生物基本生命活动的物质转化概念和细胞产生和平衡的理论,提出了确定维持微生物基本生命活动的物质转化系数的方法,从理论与实验上计实了膜生物反应器无剩余污泥排放的可能性。     

Divergent effects of climate change on the egg-laying opportunity of species in cold and warm regions

Climate warming can substantially impact embryonic development and juvenile growth in oviparous species. Estimating the overall impacts of climate warming on oviparous reproduction is difficult because egg-laying events happen throughout the reproductive season. Successful egg laying requires the completion of embryonic development as well as hatching timing conducive to offspring survival and energy accumulation. We propose a new metric—egg-laying opportunity (EO)—to estimate the annual hours during which a clutch of freshly laid eggs yields surviving offspring that store sufficient energy for overwintering. We estimated the EO within the distribution of a model species, Sceloporus undulatus, under recent climate condition and a climate-warming scenario by combining microclimate data, developmental functions, and biophysical models. We predicted that EO will decline as the climate warms at 74.8% of 11,407 sites. Decreasing hatching success and offspring energy accounted for more lost EO hours (72.6% and 72.9%) than the occurrence of offspring heat stress (59.9%). Nesting deeper (at a depth of 12 cm) may be a more effective behavioral adjustment for retaining EO than using shadier (50% shade) nests because the former fully mitigated the decline of EO under the considered warming scenario at more sites (66.1%) than the latter (28.3%). We advocate for the use of EO in predicting the impacts of climate warming on oviparous animals because it encapsulates the integrative impacts of climate warming on all stages of reproductive life history.     

Salinity exchange between seawater/brackish water and domestic wastewater through electrodialysis for potable water

● Present a general concept called “salinity exchange”. ● Salts transferred from seawater to treated wastewater until completely switch. ● Process demonstrated using a laboratory-scale electrodialysis system. ● High-quality desalinated water obtained at ~1 mL/min consuming < 1 kWh/m ³ energy. Two-thirds of the world’s population has limited access to potable water. As we continue to use up our freshwater resources, new and improved techniques for potable water production are warranted. Here, we present a general concept called “salinity exchange” that transfers salts from seawater or brackish water to treated wastewater until their salinity values approximately switch, thus producing wastewater with an increased salinity for discharge and desalinated seawater as the potable water source. We have demonstrated this process using electrodialysis. Salinity exchange has been successfully achieved between influents of different salinities under various operating conditions. Laboratory-scale salinity exchange electrodialysis (SEE) systems can produce high-quality desalinated water at ~1 mL/min with an energy consumption less than 1 kWh/m³. SEE has also been operated using real water, and the challenges of its implementation at a larger scale are evaluated.     

脉冲放电等离子体治理甲苯废气放大试验研究

应用脉冲放电等离子体技术,在线板式反应器内对低浓度甲苯废气的治理进行放大试验.采用闸流管开关脉冲电源,其最大输出功率1kW,最大脉冲电压峰值100kV. 试验规模4～16m³·h^-1. 试验考察了峰值电压、重复频率、进口浓度和处理气量对甲苯去除率的影响.结果表明:峰值电场强度在9～12kV·cm^-1范围内增加,甲苯去除率相应明显提高;当处理气量为4 m³·h^-1、脉冲电压峰值69kV、进口浓度1 180mg·m^-3、重复频率300pps时, 甲苯的去除率可达88%;反应器的能量利用率在16g·(kW·h)^-1左右;甲苯的降解产物主要是CO₂和H₂O,还有少量CO. 结合甲苯去除率与能量密度、甲苯进口浓度的关系,建立反应器动力学模型,获得甲苯的反应速率常数为0.00356 L·J^-1. 为进一步优化放大反应器设计及与电源匹配提供了基础数据.     

酸性条件下H+ - Cu2+在红壤表面反应的能量特征

研究了酸性条件下H -Cu2 在红壤表面反应动力学的能量特征,结果表明:酸性条件下Cu2 的吸附分为快反应和慢反应两个阶段.用一级动力学方程拟合,Cu2 的最大吸附量随酸度的增加而显著下降,随温度的升高提前达到平衡.用双常数方程描述Cu2 在吸附点位能量分布的不均匀性,用扩散速率常数b计算,活化能(Eb*)随酸度的增加而增加,Cu2 扩散需要克服的能障变大;ΔH*值为正,温度升高可促进Cu2 的扩散;ΔS*均为负值,表明吸附反应使体系的有序度增加.原液pH值为3.8和3.3时,流出液的pH值高于原液,这是由于土壤的缓冲作用、土壤表面质子化和硫酸根专性吸附释放的羟基中和;反应初期H 消耗是快反应过程,反应后期H 对矿物的溶蚀为速率控制步骤.     

我国半导体工业的产品代谢研究

利用产品代谢分析方法首次对我国半导体工业的整体硅元素和能源利用率进行了定量研究.根据我国半导体工业的产品代谢模型计算得出2002年我国半导体工业的硅元素利用率为2.6%,每生产1 kg硅总能耗为5 704kW·h,而1998年全球半导体工业硅元素平均利用率为9.6%,生产1kg硅总能耗为2 130 kW·h.进一步在产品链和关键环节分析基础上,确定了我国在硅元素利用率和能源利用率上与世界平均水平差距最大的环节.通过成因分析,提出了改善措施和途径.      

区域能源与大气环境污染宏观控制预警指标研究

调研、剖析了国内外能源弹性系数,找出能源弹性系数正常值.选择能源弹性系数对区域能源与大气环境宏观控制做预警研究,并进行实例分析.结果表明,能源弹性系数K的正常值是0.5,如果某区域的K值连续3年以上持续大于0.8,则表明该区域的能源需求量增长过快,相应地环境中的大气污染物的排放量也增长过快,使该区域的能源需求和环境污染治理面临巨大的压力.因此可以把K值作为区域能源与大气污染宏观控制的预警指标,同时也可以作为城市的考核指标.我国2001-2004年连续4年的能源生产(或消费)弹性系数在1～1.7之间,远远超过了正常值,应发出预警信号,查找原因,迅速改变目前的经济增长模式.      

膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器在低温低浓度下的动力学研究

在考虑膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器的反应动力学、水力动力学和热动力学特点的基础上,建立了EGSB反应器在低浓度下的基质降解动力学模型,求出EGSB反应器在进水COD450m g/L、35,15℃(与35℃同样的液体上升流速)和15℃(提高液体上升流速至最佳)3种运行条件时的速率常数分别为3.91×102,1.07×102,2.54×102d-1。用A rrhenius方程分析了温度对速率常数的影响,计算出EGSB反应器在提高液体上升流速前后的活化能分别为4.897×104J/m o l和1.197×104J/m o。l低温使速率常数明显降低,但液体上升流速的提高却能显著提高速率常数,降低活化能。     

我国智慧碳监管建设的发展路径探究

智慧碳监管是政府、园区、企业实施碳减排的现代治理手段,通过运用大数据平台,对碳排放数据进行实时监控、追踪等,实现碳排放的监控预警、考核、评估、决策等,是推进“双碳”战略的重要保障。我国碳监管的应用尚处于初级阶段,推进实施智慧碳监管既是发展方向,也面临诸多挑战。本文分析了我国智慧碳监管的发展状况、实践进展和实践特征,围绕数据管理体系、政策支撑体系、系统技术体系、创新功能应用、服务保障体系等方面存在的关键问题,提出了相应的系统策略,助推我国碳监管的智慧化发展与创新实践。