论整治工程与滑坡地质体的密切结合

滑坡结构体特征是其治理方案论证的基本依据,只有紧密结合滑坡结构特征进行工程设计,才能充分发挥地质体的自稳能力,才能通过设防关键位置、关键滑坡块等来稳定整个坡体.从查明滑坡地质体特征出发,阐明了在滑坡治理中如何依据滑坡性质和主控因素确定滑坡整治方案,如何依据滑动面特征确定整治工程类型;进而讨论了滑坡设防工程的最佳位置和关键滑动面,指出整治工程与滑坡地质勘察相结合是实现滑坡防治优化设计、提高防治效果的重要环节.     

抗震性能设计的发展

现行建筑抗震设计规范是以保证人的生命安全为基本目标进行抗震设防的,即在小震和中等强度地震作用下控制结构的损伤发展,而在罕遇地震作用下防止结构倒塌.然而,据此设计的建筑由地震所造成的使用功能丧失而震后恢复重建所需费用或所花费的时间可能大大超过社会和业主所能承受的限度.因此,未来建筑在多级水准设防地震下的设计需达到多级性能水准已形成共识.基于性能的抗震设计将发展形成未来抗震设计规范.综述了基于性能的抗震设计的最新发展状况,提出了它存在的问题及进一步发展的趋势.     

梁腹板开圆孔的钢框架抗震节点

介绍了梁腹板开圆孔的钢框架梁柱节点 ,笔者探讨的基本思路是希望通过对梁截面的削弱确保结构在强震作用时的塑性铰远离节点域而出现在梁上 ;同时 ,该节点形式应用于住宅体系时 ,使水暖管线穿梁和降低结构空间占用成为可能。因此 ,笔者对该节点形式的基本受力性能及设计中需要考虑的构造措施进行了较详细的探讨 ,并利用ANSYS对其塑性区分布和剪应力分布进行了分析。研究结果初步表明 ,梁腹板开圆孔的钢框架节点具有理论上的合理性和实用上的可行性 ,可达到塑性铰外移和增加使用功能的目的。     

大规模客流条件下铁路车站旅客安全保障体系的研究

大规模客流对我国各大城市铁路车站旅客的安全潜伏着极大的隐患,车站旅客安全保障体系的建设显得十分重要。分析在大规模客流条件下,车站旅客可能发生的主要安全问题,包括拥挤踩踏、灾害、公共卫生、犯罪、自身发病等意外事件;提出建立旅客安全保障体系的层次结构,研究了旅客安全保障体系的流程;从车站客流组织和管理角度、车站设计角度、服务设施角度等方面来研究大规模客流条件下车站安全保障工作中应采取的措施。保障旅客安全是车站工作的重点,必须通过科学的手段,从各方面综合、严密地进行管理和组织,才能实现铁路车站的安全运营。     

Assessment of chemical process hazards in early design stages

A new method called SREST-layer-assessment method with automated software tool is presented that in a hierarchical approach reveals the degree of non-ideality of chemical processes with regard to SHE (safety, health and environment) aspects at different layers: the properties of the chemical substances involved (substance assessment layer (SAL)), possible interactions between the substances (reactivity assessment layer (RAL)), possible hazard scenarios resulting from the combination of substances and operating conditions in the various equipments involved (equipment assessment layer (EAL)), and the safety technologies that are required to run a process safely and in accordance with legal regulations (safety-technology assessment layer (STAL)). In RAL, EAL and STAL the main focus is put on process safety. A case study is used to show the principles of the method. It is demonstrated how the method can be used as a systematic tool to support chemical engineers and chemists in evaluating chemical process safety in early process development stages.     

长江南通段江面风的观测分析

通过在长江南通段江面、江岸建立风观测站,并在江岸建设80m高的风梯度观测塔,与邻近气象站开展了较长时间的风同步观测,获得了实地观测数据.利用同步风观测数据进行对比分析,揭示出长江南通段江面风的观测事实,并利用风梯度观测资料,分析给出了风随高度的变化规律.在此基础上,结合邻近气象站长年的风观测资料,推算了该处的设计基本风速及其他工程设计风参数.分析表明,该处江面风况明显有别于邻近气象站,风参数计算结果也明显高于风工程理论推算值.     

防震减灾网页设计要点及其日常维护——以山东省防震减灾信息网站为例

以山东省防震减灾信息网站为例 ,介绍了网页设计要点及日常维护的经验和体会 ,进而提出了网页进一步发展的新思路     

Climatic Variation and Solute Concentration and Flux in Meltwaters Draining from an Alpine Glacier

Measurements of electrical conductivity and discharge ofmeltwaters in the Gornera, which drains from the 83%glacierised basin containing Gornergletscher, PennineAlps, Switzerland, were undertaken between May andSeptember in both 1979 and 1998. Discharge in theGornera was 43% higher in 1998, average air temperatureduring the ablation season being 2.1 °C warmer andpreceding winter precipitation 28% lower than in 1979. Mean electrical conductivity of meltwater in 1998 wasreduced by 40%. In the same 60 day period in 1998,however, solute flux was augmented by only 2% bycomparison with 1979. Year-to-year climatic variations,reflected in discharge variability, strongly affectsolute concentration in glacial meltwaters, but havelimited impact on solute flux. Climatic conditionstranslate into meltwater quality through inter-relationships between mineral reaction rates, subglacialresidence time in contact with sediment, and discharge. Annual variability in solute flux depends on the extentto which volume of flow can offset decline in soluteconcentration brought about by reducing residence time.     

Large-Scale Effects of Timber Harvesting on Stream Systems in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, USA

Using Basin Area Stream Survey (BASS) data from the United States Forest Service, we evaluated how timber harvesting influenced patterns of variation in physical stream features and regional fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages. Data were collected for three years (1990–1992) from six hydrologically variable streams in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, USA that were paired by management regime within three drainage basins. Specifically, we used multivariate techniques to partition variability in assemblage structure (taxonomic and trophic) that could be explained by timber harvesting, drainage basin differences, year-to-year variability, and their shared variance components. Most of the variation in fish assemblages was explained by drainage basin differences, and both basin and year-of-sampling influenced macroinvertebrate assemblages. All three factors modeled, including interactions between drainage basins and timber harvesting, influenced variability in physical stream features. Interactions between timber harvesting and drainage basins indicated that differences in physical stream features were important in determining the effects of logging within a basin. The lack of a logging effect on the biota contradicts predictions for these small, hydrologically variable streams. We believe this pattern is related to the large scale of this study and the high levels of natural variability in the streams. Alternatively, there may be time-specific effects we were unable to detect with our sampling design and analyses.     

RAINGAGE NETWORK DESIGN USING NEXRAD PRECIPITATION ESTIMATES1

ABSTRACT: A general framework is proposed for using precipitation estimates from NEXRAD weather radars in raingage network design. NEXRAD precipitation products are used to represent space time rainfall fields, which can be sampled by hypothetical raingage networks. A stochastic model is used to simulate gage observations based on the areal average precipitation for radar grid cells. The stochastic model accounts for subgrid variability of precipitation within the cell and gage measurement errors. The approach is ideally suited to raingage network design in regions with strong climatic variations in rainfall where conventional methods are sometimes lacking. A case study example involving the estimation of areal average precipitation for catchments in the Catskill Mountains illustrates the approach. The case study shows how the simulation approach can be used to quantify the effects of gage density, basin size, spatial variation of precipitation, and gage measurement error, on network estimates of areal average precipitation. Although the quality of NEXRAD precipitation products imposes limitations on their use in network design, weather radars can provide valuable information for empirical assessment of rain‐gage network estimation errors. Still, the biggest challenge in quantifying estimation errors is understanding subgrid spatial variability. The results from the case study show that the spatial correlation of precipitation at subgrid scales (4 km and less) is difficult to quantify, especially for short sampling durations. Network estimation errors for hourly precipitation are extremely sensitive to the uncertainty in subgrid spatial variability, although for storm total accumulation, they are much less sensitive.