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黄河流域非点源污染负荷估算与分析 总被引:25,自引:4,他引:21
以全国水资源综合规划为契机,对黄河流域非点源污染展开研究.利用3S技术,对黄河流域干、支流2000年河道及土壤等方面的空间、属性数据进行分析,结合试验监测数据,应用二元结构模型估算黄河流域不同非点源污染类型的负荷.计算结果表明:(1)2000年黄河流域总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)的非点源污染负荷已超过点源污染负荷;(2)农田是黄河流域重要的氮、磷非点源污染来源,分别占50%和64%;(3)非点源污染负荷空间分布图显示,传统牧区及黄河源区牲畜养殖造成的非点源污染比较突出;(4)城市和乡村总氮污染占流域非点源负荷的比例相对较低,而其总磷污染则对黄河流域有比较大的影响;(5)由土壤侵蚀引起的氮污染远大于磷污染. 相似文献
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国土空间规划对新时期流域水环境保护意义重大。本文结合国土空间规划对流域水环境影响的全过程(污染产生—污染排放—污染入河)机制,构建了国土空间规划视角下流域水环境变化评估指标体系和框架。以长春市第二松花江流域为例,利用系统动力学模型和一维水动力模型QUAL2K量化了国土空间规划对流域水环境的影响。结果表明,到国土空间规划近期目标年(2025年),流域水环境状况良好,体现为流域大部分河段COD和NH3-N达标,水环境容量最小为44.96 kg/d和5.10 kg/d。国土空间规划中的总量目标、环保设施建设和相关布局的实施将会使COD和NH3-N污染产生量降低52.61%和14.16%;污染排放量降低26.45%和59.09%;水环境容量增加10.68%和57.17%。总体而言,国土空间规划对流域水环境改善潜力巨大,同时改善潜力因不同区域、污染源、污染物而异。本研究提出的评估框架为国土空间规划背景下流域水环境保护提供了思路。 相似文献
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In the investigation of soil cover design options for final decommissioning of reactive mine waste, it is often necessary to analyze or predict the anticipated cover performance as a function of the cost of implementation, which is governed by the type, number and thickness of the layers in the cover system. An example of such investigation is presented in this study where one-dimensional evaporation from hypothetical moisture-retaining cover systems is simulated to assess the influence of several cover properties and hydrogeologic parameters on performance. The commercially available transient flow model, SoilCover, was used to compute suction and water content profiles for different cover design scenarios. The predicted water content profile and porosity of layers were then used to estimate the oxygen diffusion coefficients of the various layers. The oxygen diffusion coefficients were used to estimate oxygen flux through the cover systems. The oxygen flux was, in turn, related to the maximum acid flux. The studied cover and hydrogeologic parameters included soil type, thickness of barriers, and water table elevation. Two types of infiltration and oxygen barrier and two types of capillary layer with different thicknesses were studied. The water table was either kept constant at the base of the waste (tailings) or dropped by 0.5, 1, 2, and 3m over 120 days. The results showed that the relationship between water table depression and the thickness of capillary layers, on one hand, and desaturation of the infiltration and oxygen barrier, on the other, is not linear. Relationships between oxygen flux and barrier thickness and between cost increase and performance improvement of the studied cover systems are presented. Finally, a method that outlines steps for site-specific and economically feasible design of multi-layer cover systems is introduced. 相似文献
808.
Toward Integrated Environmental Management for Challenges in Water Environmental Protection of Lake Taihu Basin in China 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China. It serves many social, economic, and ecological purposes in the
drainage basin. Unfortunately, the water has been heavily polluted due to rapid industrialization and urbanization during
the last two decades. Notwithstanding great efforts made so far to improve the water quality, the environmental situation
is still far from being optimistic. The basin and the lake are facing a range of severe environmental challenges: rapid socio-economic
development continues to place great pressures on the environment, current pollution control projects have many problems from
the viewpoint of effectiveness and efficiency of their implementations, and the non-point sources of pollution such as agricultural
fields, for which control is more difficult than for industrial point sources, have become the main contributors to serious
eutrophication of the lake. Considering the characteristics of the environmental challenges and problems confronting the basin
and the lake, we focus on integrated environmental management (IEM) as a promising and effective approach to overcome these
predicaments. Current practices and problems of environmental management in the basin are examined, and potential future developments
are discussed. Three aspects of the IEM are emphasized: institutional cooperation, public participation, and internalization
of environmental externalities. We think these are the most critical for not only the basin but also for the whole of China
to achieve a sustainable society. 相似文献
809.
Fast economic and social changes in recent years in China have brought massive expansion, redevelopment, and restructuring
of cities. These changes offer cities the opportunity to improve environmental quality through urban green spaces (UGSs) and
to address the challenges of meeting community aspirations. This study explored peoples’ minds concerning UGSs in Guangzhou
city in south China in relation to the following: (1) knowledge and perception of 25 ecosystem services and 8 negative impacts;
(2) attitude toward site condition and management; (3) expectation of landscape design; and (4) preference ranking of venues.
A questionnaire was designed to solicit opinions from 340 respondents randomly chosen from residents living in the study area.
The results indicated widespread recognition of ecosystem services and strong support of UGS programs. Negative responses
were weakly expressed. Amelioration of urban microclimate and environmental quality were emphasized. Environmental functions
stressed in publicity programs, together with aggravating environmental problems in the city, tended to focus respondents’
attention on UGS benefits. Wildlife habitat, species conservation and other natural ecosystem services drew limited concerns.
Awareness of economic benefits was very low. Visual-landscape contributions with strong preference for naturalistic design
and recreational benefits were highlighted. Compared with other countries, Guangzhou residents were characterized by visual–scenic–recreation
orientation and pragmatic–utilitarian perception of UGSs, reflecting underlying differences in the understanding of inherent
ecosystem services of green spaces. Relevant UGS policies and practices could adopt the approaches of market survey, citizen
participation, and precision planning in order to meet increasingly mature and refined demands. Citizens’ understanding of
high-order ecosystem services could be enhanced to encourage appreciation of nature and their associated benefits. 相似文献
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