Loss Rates from Lake Powell and Their Impact on Management of the Colorado River

As demand for water in the southwestern United States increases and climate change potentially decreases the natural flows in the Colorado River system, there will be increased need to optimize the water supply. Lake Powell is a large reservoir with potentially high loss rates to bank storage and evaporation. Bank storage is estimated as a residual in the reservoir water balance. Estimates of local inflow contribute uncertainty to estimates of bank storage. Regression analyses of local inflow with gaged tributaries have improved the estimate of local inflow. Using a stochastic estimate of local inflow based on the standard error of the regression estimator and of gross evaporation based on observed variability at Lake Mead, a reservoir water balance was used to estimate that more than 14.8 billion cubic meters (Gm³) has been stored in the banks, with a 90% probability that the value is actually between 11.8 and 18.5 Gm³. Groundwater models developed by others, observed groundwater levels, and simple transmissivity calculations confirm these bank storage estimates. Assuming a constant bank storage fraction for simulations of the future may cause managers to underestimate the actual losses from the reservoir. Updated management regimes which account more accurately for bank storage and evaporation could save water that will otherwise be lost to the banks or evaporation.     

库区PREE协调发展的障碍因素及对策探讨——以三峡库区为例

作为生态脆弱区和全国集中连片分布的贫困地区之一 ,库区可持续发展面临一系列障碍 ,主要表现为人口超载 ,素质低下 ;耕地稀缺 ,人地矛盾尖锐 ;生态恶化 ,环境破坏严重 ;经济发展迟缓 ,贫困问题突出。针对上述问题 ,以三峡库区为例 ,结合其实际情况 ,文章给出了相应的治理策略。     

大口子水库的生物学调查与评价

为了解大口子水库水质的污染状况及污染趋势，淮安市环境监测中心站于“九五”期间对大口子水库进行了生物分析指标的监测和生物学评价。结果表明，“九五”期间，大口子水库的水质呈典型富营养化状态，且营养化程度有加重趋势；底栖动物群落的调查结果显示，化学毒性污染稍有好转，有机物污染占主导地位。提出，该水域不宜继续作为养殖基地进行水产养殖，对其污染的治理已刻不容缓。     

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEHRAN REGION IN IRAN1

ABSTRACT: In this paper, a system approach to water resources development in Tehran Metropolitan Area, with its complex system of water supply and demands, is discussed. Water resources in this region include water storage in the Lar, Latyan, and Karaj reservoirs, the Tehran aquifer, as well as water discharge in local rivers and in drainage channels (mainly supplied by urban runoff and wastewater). This study consists of three phases of long‐term water resources planning and management in the Tehran metropolitan area. In each phase, a different level of details among different components of the system is considered. In the first phase, optimal operating policies for Tehran reservoirs and a decision support system are developed. In the second phase, interactions between surface and ground water resources as well as surface runoffs and wastewater disposal in different subareas are investigated. The water table fluctuations as a result of implementing sewerage collection project was also simulated. In the last phase, long‐term scenarios for water resources and agricultural development in the Southern part of Tehran are defined, and the effects of each scenario on the quality and quantity of surface and ground water resources are studied.     

Water-lifting and aeration system improves water quality of drinking water reservoirs: Biological mechanism and field application

Reservoirs have been served as the major source of drinking water for dozens of years. The water quality safety of large and medium reservoirs increasingly becomes the focus of public concern. Field test has proved that water-lifting and aeration system (WLAS) is a piece of effective equipment for in situ control and improvement of water quality. However, its intrinsic bioremediation mechanism, especially for nitrogen removal, still lacks in-depth investigation. Hence, the dynamic changes in water quality parameters, carbon source metabolism, species compositions and co-occurrence patterns of microbial communities were systematically studied in Jinpen Reservoir within a whole WLAS running cycle. The WLAS operation could efficiently reduce organic carbon (19.77%), nitrogen (21.55%) and phosphorus (65.60%), respectively. Biolog analysis revealed that the microbial metabolic capacities were enhanced via WLAS operation, especially in bottom water. High-throughput sequencing demonstrated that WLAS operation altered the diversity and distributions of microbial communities in the source water. The most dominant genus accountable for aerobic denitrification was identified as Dechloromonas. Furthermore, network analysis revealed that microorganisms interacted more closely through WLAS operation. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and total nitrogen (TN) were regarded as the two main physicochemical parameters influencing microbial community structures, as confirmed by redundancy analysis (RDA) and Mantel test. Overall, the results will provide a scientific basis and an effective way for strengthening the in-situ bioremediation of micro-polluted source water.     

大港油田千米桥潜山奥陶系凝析气藏成藏地球化学研究

千米桥潜山构造位于黄骅坳陷北大港构造带。位于该构造的板深 7井在奥陶系地层试油 ,获日产凝析油 143 .36吨 ,日产气 2 75 30 9m3。这一重大发现标志着大港油田古潜山的勘探获得重大突破。千米桥潜山凝析油气主要来自板桥凹陷Es33 段偏腐殖型烃源岩 ,油气在沙一段沉积时期进入潜山 ,明化镇组沉积时期是油气大量运聚、成藏时期。千米桥潜山属于气侵型凝析气藏 ,并具多期成藏的特点。板深 4井油气藏受到扩散作用的影响。气侵是造成凝析油高含蜡的主要原因。     

黑龙滩水库氮磷平衡与富营养化评价

黑龙滩水库氮磷的输入包括东风渠、水面降水、农田径流、网箱养鱼、旅游、周围居民及地下水输入等。T N每年输入 10 76 .95t,T P每年输入 5 2 1.2t。T N的输入 ,农田径流、东风渠和网箱养鱼是主要输入源 ,其中农田径流占T N输入的 5 5 .41% ,东风渠占到 32 .8%。T P输入 ,主要由农田径流控制 ,占到 93.48%。黑龙滩水库氮磷支出有干渠输出 ,水库渗漏 ,网箱养鱼以及大水面捕获鱼所带出的氮磷量。T N每年输出 182 .82t,T P每年输出 13.0 3t。每年水库随水输出的氮磷量不大。大约有 893.99t的氮 ,5 0 8.17t的磷存留水库中 ,它们大部分以颗粒吸附态的形式沉积于水库底部、少部分溶解态N·P存留于库水中。基于水库中不同点连续 17个月采样的水质数据 ,选择SD、CODCr、T N、T P和Ch·a等五个水质指标进行富营养评价 ,得出黑龙滩水库处于中营养水平 ,有产生富营养化的潜在危险。与以前所测数据相比 ,水库的富营养化的趋势在加重。管理者应加强控制农田径流污染的工作 ,才能预防水库富营养化的发生     

基于双向算法的湖库允许纳污负荷量计算及案例

为了加强湖库流域水环境保护与污染负荷排放管理,支持湖库控制单元允许纳污负荷量的计算和污染负荷分配决策的制定,在总结国内外环境容量相关研究的基础上,针对现状水环境总量控制技术中允许纳污负荷计算与分配环节存在的问题,提出基于双向算法的湖库允许纳污负荷量计算方法.并以EFDC(environmental fluid dynamic code)水环境模型为核心,通过模型概化、参数率定等建模技术与方法的研究,利用估算与精算相结合的方法制定排污情景,并应用模型完成情景分析.应用多次情景试算、分析的方法,制定优化的排污情景,从而计算出湖库允许纳污负荷量.最后以辽宁省柴河水库为实证区进行方法的应用,证明了方法具备科学性与计算精度.     

河流库区沉积物-水界面营养盐及气态氮的释放过程和通量

以九龙江北溪西陂电站库区为例,于2013年不同季节开展原状泥柱静态培养、气态氮水柱剖面观测和通量模拟实验,结合水和沉积物理化参数和微生物参数,研究河流库区沉积物-水界面营养盐及气态氮的释放过程和通量.结果表明,库区沉积物NH+4和PO3-4总体表现为释放行为[平均NH+4通量(480±675)mg·(m2·d)-1,平均PO3-4通量(4.56±0.54)mg·(m2·d)-1],而NO-3和NO-2表现为吸附行为.洪水季节带来大量的有机质沉积在库区,造成枯水期沉积物无机氮磷向上覆水体释放.湖泊区气态氮释放以N2为主(>98%),沉积物-水界面N2释放通量平均为(15.8±12.5)mg·(m2·d)-1.水柱N2净增量有明显的空间差异和垂向分布规律,受沉积物-水界面生地化过程(反硝化和厌氧氨氧化作用)和流动水团的综合影响.下游站位存在较强的硝化作用,N2O相对富集,主要受水中氨氮占无机氮的比例控制.     

某退役辐照装置储源井钢件表面沾污测量

利用物理测量及擦拭法对某退役辐照装置储源井钢件进行表面沾污测量及结果验证,结果表明,本次测量中两种方法测量结果基本一致。物理法受测量物体自身结构及尺寸的影响导致测量结果存在误差,擦拭法要保证较高的去除因子。擦拭法可对物理法测量结果进行验证。