珊溪水库库区及入库支流水体紫外光谱特征分析研究

珊溪水库是温州地区的重要饮用水源地之一。在“五水共治”时代背景下,“保供水”特别是确保我市饮用水源安全是“五水共治”的组成部分之一。本文采用紫外光谱特征分析法评估珊溪水库主库区及主要入库支流考核断面水环境质量状况。分析结果表明：从黄坦坑、李井坑等监测站位的紫外特征吸收峰SUVA254分析二者污染较重,有机质芳化度、分子量和腐殖化水平相对较大。库区胡敏酸含量比富里酸含量大,支流天然水溶解性有机质( DOM)有机物分子缩合度高,腐殖化程度从支流到水库逐渐增大。     

贵阳市水库中硫酸盐还原菌及铁还原菌对甲基汞分布的影响

微生物在汞的甲基化过程中起着关键作用,但关于野外微生物活动对甲基汞分布的影响研究较为缺乏.通过对贵阳市不同污染类型水库中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、铁还原菌(DIRB)、甲基汞(MeHg)及相应水质参数分布规律研究,探讨了水库中SRB和DIRB活动在汞甲基化及其分布中所起的作用.在水库上覆水体中,SRB与甲基汞呈显著正相关关系(r=0.398,p0.015,n=37),表明在上覆水体中,SRB为主要的汞甲基化细菌.在污染严重且差异明显的沉积物中,两种微生物对甲基汞分布的影响各不相同.在受矿山酸性废水污染的阿哈水库,由于其过高的SRB含量及其硫酸盐还原活动,导致夏季沉积物表层硫离子大量积累,严重抑制了汞的甲基化过程,使得沉积物孔隙水表层甲基汞明显低于其它两个水库,也低于阿哈水库上覆水体甲基汞含量.在红枫水库,沉积物表层适宜的SRB活动促进了汞的甲基化,硫酸盐还原物硫离子和孔隙水甲基汞存在显著相关性(r=0.674,p0.001,n=31);在百花水库,由于沉积物曾受到严重汞污染,甲基汞峰值主要受到沉积物总汞的影响,和两种微生物活动及其产物均未表现出显著相关性.     

REAPPRAISAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESOURCES IN DELAWARE RIVER BASIN USING SYNTHETIC HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT The 60's drought (1961 1966) which hit the Northeastern United States, had its center over the Delaware River Basin and caused water supply shortages to New York City, Philadelphia, and many other towns and industries in the Basin. Until this event occurred, the existing water supply sources and those planned for the future had been considered adequate, as they were designed for the worst drought of record (usually the 1930-31 drought). In view of this “change in hydrology,” the Delaware River Basin Commission authorized a study (DRBC Resolution 67-4) to re-evaluate the adequacy of existing and planned water supply sources of the Delaware River Basin and its Service Area (New York City and northern New Jersey). Synthetic hydrology is a tool which can be used to overcome many of the limitations of the traditional approach. By analyzing generated streamflow traces in this study, it has been determined that there is a definite relationship between the accumulated rainfall deficiency during the drought and the return periods associated with various durations of runoff in the drought. This indicated that generated traces can be used to standardize the hydrology over an area where the intensity of drought varied. This represented an important facet in the study, because it provided a means to equalize the effects of this drought over the study area, and gave the Delaware River Basin Commission more information so that it could better plan and manage its water resources equitably, not only for the people within the Basin, but for the New York City and northern New Jersey areas as well. Synthetic hydrology was used to determine yield-probability relationships for 50-year periods, and storage-yield-frequency relationships for existing and planned water-supply reservoirs. It was also used to determine yield-probability relationships for reservoir systems within the Basin. In the study, it was determined that monthly streamflow traces and uniform draft rates could be used in yield analysis because of the magnitude of the reservoirs and because seasonal variations of draft rate are small in the study area. Although it was found that with the streamflow generating models (first order Markov) in common use today, it is not possible to definitely determine the actual frequency of a very severe historic drought, it is possible to place a drought in perspective by using synthetic hydrology. The study showed that it is a useful tool in determining water availability over a basin and is useful in studying water management problems such as interbasin transfers, and reservoir systems operations.     

RESPONSE OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS TO ELIMINATING THERMAL STRATIFICATION IN A RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT The effects of maintaining a 19 ha Colorado montane reservoir in a thermally destratified condition for one year were evaluated. Water temperatures were kept nearly vertically agd horizontally isothermal throughout the year. The weighted mean temperature of the lake was 1-4°C colder in winter and 1-2°C warmer in summer than normal. Deep water in summer was up to 6°C warmer than typical hypolimnion temperatures, but summer surface temperature was unaltered. Without destratification dissolved oxygen depletion develops in summer and winter, but by eliminating stratification, oxygen was kept near saturation throughout the year. Alkalinity, pH, conductivity, and total residue were not significantly affected. Seston decreased which was probably due to declines in planktonic diatom populations. Increases in iron and manganese did not occur in deep water during destratification. Calcium concentrations increased slightly. Magnesium and most anions (chloride, nitrate-N, and silica) were not greatly altered, but sulfate concentration was reduced. Artificial destratification, as a reservoir management tool, will be very useful in altering chemical problems; particularly increasing oxygen and decreasing iron and manganese concentrations.     

DEEP RESERVOIR THERMAL STRATIFICATION MODEL1

ABSTRACT. A method of predicting reservoir temperature profiles is presented. The model requires monthly averaged meteorological and hydrological data along with reservoir physical characteristics. The one-dimensional profiles are predicted by solving the time-dependent energy equation with an assumed epilimnetic depth and a diffusion coefficient applicable below the epilimnion. The model is verified using an existing reservoir.     

SEDIMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GORGE-TYPE RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT. An investigation of the hydraulics of gorge-type reservoirs was conducted with scale models. Reservoir shapes were moulded within a large basin. Water was circulated using a centrifugal pump-motor unit and uniform sediment (specific gravity 2.65) with mean diameters of 0.20 mm and 0.60 mm were utilized. Observations were made to study sedimentation patterns from the commencement of sediment inflow until the final stage of a fully silted reservoir. In particular, the mode of deposition of the sediment beds, the mechanics of transportation and sediment bed slopes were investigated. These aspects of reservoir siltation were examined in relation to the factors which influence it, which included sediment characteristics and flow parameters. Bed slopes and flow depths were analyzed by various methods; the Kalinske equation in conjunction with the Manning and Einstein-Barbarossa relations as proposed by Doland-Chow produced the best results.     

浅谈尾矿库环境污染隐患及防治对策

探讨了尾矿库污染物的主要来源,尾矿库主要污染形式,尾矿库环境污染隐患构成。从尾矿库污染监测、污染防治能力建设、环境整治工作等方面提出了污染防治对策。     

大伙房水库水质生物在线监控预警及其健康风险评估

采用水质、鱼类、藻类自动在线监测技术,监控预警大伙房水库水质生态安全。应用基因毒物质和躯体毒物质所致健康危害的风险评估方法对大伙房水库水质健康风险进行评估。结果表明：水质监控预警,北杂木和古楼的总氮为重警,其他均为无警。青鲻鱼在线监控预警,生物毒性在35以下,水质预警为无警。大伙房水库库区水质中躯体毒物质所致健康危害的顺序为铅〉汞〉氰化物〉氨氮〉挥发酚。对人体健康危害的个人风险均小于10^-9／a,远远超过瑞典环保局、芬兰建设和环境部推荐的最大可接受水平1.0×10^-6／a。     

城市电站库区湖泊水环境影响研究

城市河流上的水电工程的库区可以形成人工湖泊,并作为城市的重要组成部分有助于完善城市功能布局,提升城市形象.水环境对于湖区体现生态景观的价值起着至关重要的作用.以遂宁观音湖为例,就完善水环境管理,对其区域水环境影响进行研究分析;并对已经污染的水体采取相应治理措施;同时做好流域防洪规划,建设防洪设施;对城市水体景观进行统一打造,实现湖区的可持续发展.     

包头市试验区土壤、粉煤灰、水库淤泥、污水沉淀物物性特征研究

本研究主要试验地区是内蒙古包头市,选择典型退化土壤(80%为栗钙土)作为试验区,通过系统分析测定退化土壤、"三种废弃物"的各项理化特性,进一步对"三种废弃物"改良退化土壤的效果及改良机理作探索性跟踪研究,进一步丰富了"三种废弃物"影响土壤生态特性的理论研究成果,并为退化土壤修复提供实践经验。