Assessing the Eutrophication of Shengzhong Reservoir Based on Grey Clustering Method

Reservoir water environment is a grey system. The grey clustering method is applied to assessing the reservoir water enviromnent to establish a relatively complete model suitable for the reservoir eutrophication evaluation and appropriately evaluate the quality of reservoir water, providing evidence for reservoir management. According to China＇s lakes and reservoir eutrophication criteria and the characteristics of China＇s eutrophication, as well as certain evaluation indices, the degree of eutrophication is classified into six categories with the utilization of grey classified whitening weight function to represent the boundaries of classification, to determine the clustering weight and clustering coefficient of each index in grey classifications, and the classification of each clustering object. The comprehensive evaluation of reservoir eutrophication is established on such a foundation, with Sichuan Shengzhong Reservoir as the survey object and the analysis of the data attained by several typical monitoring points there in 2006. It is found that eutrophication of Tiebian Power Generation Station, Guoyuanchang and Dashiqiao Bridge is the heaviest, Tielusi and Qinggangya the second, and Lijiaba the least. The eutrophication of this reservoir is closely relevant to the irrational exploitation in its surrounding areas, especially to the aggravation of the non-point source pollution and the increase of net-culture fishing. Therefore, it is feasible to use grey clustering in environment quality evaluation, and the point lies in the correct division of grey whitening function     

浅谈国内外江河湖库水体富营养化状况

随着人类对环境资源开发利用活动日益增加，特别是进入本世纪以来，工农业生产大规模地迅速发展，工业化带来了“城市化”现象，使得大量含有氮、磷营养物质的生活污水排入附近的湖泊，水库和河流，增加了这些水体的营养物质的负荷量，为了提高农作物产量，施用的化肥和牲畜粪便逐年增加，经雨水冲刷和渗透，进入水体的营养物质不断增多，以上这些人为因素的影响，极大地减少了水体由贫营养向富营养过渡所需要的时间，国内外的现状调查结果表明，在全球范围内30％－40％的湖泊和水库遭受不同程度富营养化影响，我国近年来湖泊富营养化呈发展趋势，从20世纪80年代后期的41％上升到90年代后期的77％，水库富营养化问题也较严重，处于富营养状态的水库个数和库容分别占所调查水库的30．8％和11．2％，总体而言，水体发生富营养化的程度和范围呈发展趋势，城市湖泊及邻近城镇的水库水体富营养化程度较高，湖泊和水库等相对静止的水体发生富营养化现象重于河流，但河流富营养化问题也不容轻视，富营养化已成为世界范围内水环境保护中的重大环境问题。     

贵州高原水库浮游生物群落稳定性及其环境驱动因子辨识

为了解贵州高原水库环境下,浮游动物及浮游植物群落稳定性情况,水库水质变化影响浮游生物稳定性的过程. 于2020年10月和2021年的4、6、8月对3座不同营养型水库（花溪水库、构皮滩水库和海龙水库）的浮游生物群落变化及水质变化进行研究,结合时滞分析（TLA）研究浮游动物和浮游植物群落稳定性,使用方差分解分析（VPA）探究两个群落对环境变化的响应,揭示水库浮游生物群落变化的驱动因子. 结果表明,3座水库的综合营养指数（TLI）均值为44.07、44.68和50.25. 花溪水库和构皮滩水库为中营养型水库,海龙水库为富营养型水库. 总共鉴定出浮游动物轮虫51种,轮虫39种,桡足类3种和枝角类9种. 其中轮虫丰度最多,占85.96%. 浮游植物鉴定出7门73种,蓝藻门16种,绿藻门32种,硅藻门16种,甲藻门3种,裸藻门4种,隐藻和金藻门各1种. 其中蓝藻门和硅藻门丰度占比最大,分别为66.2%和27.35%. 浮游动物和浮游植物群落Bray-Curtis距离的绝对偏差中位数（MAD）分别为：花溪水库0.67和0.65、构皮滩水库0.80和0.69、海龙水库0.85和0.47,值越大说明群落的变异越大. TLA结果中浮游动物的斜率绝对值大于浮游植物的绝对值,斜率绝对值分别为0.018和0.004,斜率绝对值越大群落变异速度越快. 浮游动物群落相对浮游植物群落稳定性更低,对环境变化的响应更敏感,变异程度更大. 水库的富营养状态程度越高,这种现象越明显. VPA显示,花溪水库和海龙水库浮游生物群落变化主要受到水温和富营养化因子影响. 构皮滩水库浮游生物群落变化主要受到水温和化学因子的影响. 花溪水库的驱动因子为水温、TP、高锰酸盐指数和SD. 构皮滩水库驱动因子为水温、NO₃^--N和pH. 海龙水库的驱动因子为水温和TP. 水温和营养盐是影响水库浮游生物群落稳定性的主要原因.     

富营养化水体磷阈值的动态AGP模拟研究

采用流动原水来培养水体混合藻的动态AGP试验,模拟富营养化条件下藻类的生长过程,并以密云水库为实例,结合MATLAB 7.0数值分析软件,拟合了密云水库富营养化发生的磷阈值.结果表明,该水库达到富营养化的磷阈值随水环境条件和水体生态特征变化;蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)在低质量浓度磷酸盐条件下较绿藻(Chlorophyta)更具有生长竞争力;初始藻密度大小影响藻生长达到最大值的时间.在平均温度为28.8、26.5、25.1℃和初始藻密度为9.2×10~6、10.0×10~6、8.0×10~6个条件下,密云水库发生富营养化的总磷阈值分别为0.053、0.062、0.064mg·L~(-1).     

华南地区水库消涨带生态重建的植物筛选

水库消涨带水旱交替、坡度陡、土壤贫瘠,适生植物的选择一直是其生态重建的难题.在对华南地区多类型水体消涨区调查的基础上,通过在多个水库消涨带进行植物栽植试验,根据各水库水位的变化定期观测试验植物对淹水的反应和适应性,测定试验植物半淹水、全淹水与末淹水状态下叶片的光合能力、SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量等指标,观测试验植物出露期间的耐旱耐瘠性,同时利用松子坑水库蓄水验收的机会对设计常水位以下6 m内的野生陆生植物进行耐淹性调查评价.结果表明,铺地黍(Panicum repens)长期在陆生岸坡上生长良好,在浅淹、半淹至接近全淹时正常生长,在全淹10个月以上退水后仍能成活;榕(Ficus sp.)持续淹水11个月以上(水深0.5～2.89 m波动)仍生长正常;赤桉(Eucalyptus camaldulensis)持续淹水13个月以上(水深0.8～6.71 m波动)仍生长正常;白千层(Melaleucaleucadendron)持续淹水4个月(淹水最深2m)仍长势良好、整齐.铺地黍、榕、赤桉、白干层耐淹耐旱耐瘠,是水库消涨带生境的适生植物.     

丹江口库区陆地植被物候空间格局及其与海拔的响应关系

海拔高度变化对区域温度、降水都起着至关重要的作用,从而会对植被物候特征产生影响。以丹江口库区为研究区,分析库区植被物候随海拔变化特征,该工作的开展对进一步认识库区植物物候空间特征,进而监测库区土地覆盖变化具有重要实践意义。研究采用Savitzky-Golay滤波算法重建库区2001~2012年MODIS 16天最大合成EVI时序影像数据,对重建后的时间序列影像采用动态阈值法提取库区陆地植被关键物候特征信息,并对库区陆地植被物候特征随海拔梯度变化特征进行分析。研究结果表明,丹江口库区陆地植被生长季为4月上旬至10月上旬,南部山区林地生长季最长,而库区中部、东部耕地生长季较短。植被物候特征随海拔梯度变化呈现两个较为明显的区域,低海拔区域植被生长季开始时间(Start of Season,SOS)随海拔升高而提前,生长季结束时间(End of Season,EOS)随海拔升高而推迟,进而导致生长季长度(Length of Season,LOS)随海拔升高而延长。而在海拔较高山区,林地植被物候呈现完全相反变化趋势。受丹江口水库和人类活动的影响,丹江口库区植被分布随海拔变化呈现两个较为明显的区域。     

Small farm ponds: overlooked features with important impacts on watershed sediment transport

Despite their size, small farm ponds are important features in many landscapes. Yet hydrographical databases often fail to capture these ponds, and their impacts on watershed processes remain unclear. For a 230‐km² portion of central Texas, United States (U.S.), we created a historical inventory of ponds and quantified the accuracy of automated detection methods under varying drought conditions. In addition, we documented pond dredging/enlargement events and identified sites that had been abandoned. We also analyzed sediment cores from downstream reservoirs to track changes in watershed sediment transport. Over 75 years, pond densities increased more than 350% — to among the highest documented in the U.S. — and the ability of automated methods to detect these ponds was highly dependent on drought severity (R² = 0.96). Approximately 5% of ponds present in the 1950s were no longer present in 2012, while 33% were dredged between 1937 and 2012. Downstream reservoir sedimentation has decreased by an average of 55% as ponds have increased in number. These findings suggest that small ponds and the maintenance of trapping efficiency have large‐scale impacts on sediment dynamics. Accurately accounting for these storage effects is vital to water resource planning efforts.     

Demographic shifts around drinking water supply reservoirs in North Carolina,USA

Infrastructure intended to serve the public good frequently has implications for environmental justice and social sustainability. Drinking water supplies for sub/urban areas in North Carolina, USA, have regularly been secured by constructing dams to impound reservoirs. We used high-resolution, publicly available US Census data to explore whether 66 such reservoirs in North Carolina have induced demographic shifts in the communities that find themselves adjacent to the newly created lakeshores. Our principal findings include: (1) The ratio of white people to non-white people was significantly higher in communities within 0.5 miles of reservoir shorelines than in more distant communities; (2) even as North Carolina overall became less white from 1990 to 2010, the ratio of white people to non-white people within the 0.5 miles of the shoreline increased relative to the overall ratio in the State; and (3) similar, but less distinct, shifts in per capita income occurred during the period. Our results are consistent with the proposition that reservoirs have induced demographic shifts in communities adjacent to newly created lakeshores similar to the shifts associated with environmental gentrification and amenity migration, and may now be associated with perpetuating those shifts. These findings raise concerns about environmental justice and social sustainability that should be considered when planning and building infrastructure that creates environmental amenities. Where reservoirs are being planned, social costs, including the costs of demographic shifts associated with environmental gentrification or amenity migration, and disproportionate regulatory burdens, should be mitigated through innovative policy if possible.     

Synthesis of Common Management Concerns Associated with Dam Removal

Managers make decisions regarding if and how to remove dams in spite of uncertainty surrounding physical and ecological responses, and stakeholders often raise concerns about certain negative effects, regardless of whether these concerns are warranted at a particular site. We used a dam‐removal science database supplemented with other information sources to explore seven frequently raised concerns, herein Common Management Concerns (CMCs). We investigate the occurrence of these concerns and the contributing biophysical controls. The CMCs addressed are the following: degree and rate of reservoir sediment erosion, excessive channel incision upstream of reservoirs, downstream sediment aggradation, elevated downstream turbidity, drawdown impacts on local water infrastructure, colonization of reservoir sediments by nonnative plants, and expansion of invasive fish. Biophysical controls emerged for some of the concerns, providing managers with information to assess whether a given concern is likely to occur at a site. To fully assess CMC risk, managers should concurrently evaluate site conditions and identify the ecosystem or human uses that will be negatively affected if the biophysical phenomenon producing the CMC occurs. We show how many CMCs have one or more controls in common, facilitating the identification of multiple risks at a site, and demonstrate why CMC risks should be considered in the context of other factors such as natural watershed variability and disturbance history.     

Recycling Irrigation Reservoir Stratification and Implications for Crop Health and Production

Recycling irrigation reservoirs (RIRs) are an emerging aquatic ecosystem and water resource of global significance. This study investigated the vertical distribution of water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH in eight RIRs at two nurseries each in Virginia and Maryland from 2011 to 2014. Monomictic thermal stratification was observed from April to October in all RIRs, despite their shallow depths (0.75‐3.89 m). The strongest stratification had a top‐bottom temperature difference of 21.53°C. The top‐bottom temperature difference was positively correlated with water column depth, air temperature, and daily light integral (p < 0.05). Wind speed did not impact the thermal stratification, likely due to their relatively small surface areas. Thermal stratification affected the vertical distribution of DO and pH. The top‐bottom differences in DO and pH were greater during stratification periods than nonstratification periods. Water pH in all RIRs was higher at the top than at the bottom with the greatest difference of 4.16 units. Discovery and characterization of thermal stratification in RIRs helps understand water quality dynamics in this novel ecosystem and promote safe and productive water reuse for irrigation. Specifically, water withdrawal depths should be adjusted according to variations in temperature, DO, and pH during the stratification and nonstratification periods to mitigate pathogen risk and improve water treatment efficacy and crop production.