汶川8.0级地震绵阳市游仙区水库震害调查与分析

5.12汶川特大地震给四川省水库造成了严重的震害和巨大的经济损失。依据绵阳市水库地震灾害的现场科学考察资料,对绵阳市游仙区44座高危险情以上的水库土坝的震损现象做了初步总结和分析。发现这些震损水库基本上都建于1950~1980年,未经抗震设计,典型震害现象包括水库坝顶中部及坝轴线两侧纵向裂缝、坝体纵横向裂缝和坝坡局部滑裂等,并有水库泄水构筑物震损、防浪墙倒塌、上游坡护坡下滑、坝坡挡土墙倒塌等。这说明对小型水库土坝进行抗震设防是必要的,今后应深入研究小型水库土坝的震害机制,以指导水库土坝的抗震设计。     

水库温室效应研究进展与主要影响因素分析

温室气体排放导致的全球变暖成为世界各国关注的焦点。目前,关于淡水水库的温室效应在全球气候变化中的作用也成为了科学家争论的问题。已有的研究表明,世界上很多为水力发电或其他目的建造的水库,因水库蓄水所导致土壤和植被的淹没而额外增加碳基温室气体二氧化碳（CO2）和甲烷（CH4）的释放。通过对国内外关于淡水水库温室气体研究方面文献的归纳,综述分析了水库温室效应观测研究案例、〖JP2〗水库温室气体的产生机制、排放过程及其主要影响因素等方面的研究进展。为进一步从事水库温室气体研究、把握水库温室气体排放提供参考     

基于AHP-FUZZY方法的锦屏一级水库生态系统服务功能综合评价

水利工程的生态系统服务功能涉及影响因素众多,各因素间相互关联、逻辑关系复杂,但往往具有层次结构。每个因素对系统服务功能贡献的大小有其自身属性所决定的确定性,但实际度量中又表现为模糊性特征,针对常用替代方法（如市场价值法、机会成本法、影子工程法、旅行费用法、防护费用法等）评价生态系统服务功能的缺点,将系统工程决策方法和模糊数学评价方法有机结合,提出了一种层次分析 模糊数学（AHP FUZZY）水库生态系统服务功能综合评价方法,该方法较全面地考虑了水库生态系统服务功能的多种影响因素,避免了仅考虑少数几种判据所带来的局限性,同时通过层次结构分析较为客观地给出了各种影响因素的影响度值,为提高水库生态系统服务功能综合评价的可靠性创造了条件。
     

丹江口水库蓄水后汉江中下游水文时空变化的#br# 定量评估及其生态影响

采用变化范围法（RVA）定量研究了丹江口水库蓄水后汉江中下游水文情势的时空变化,评估出汉江干流变化度最大的江段和水文特征指标类别,分析了其对应的生态影响,并针对汉江流域的四大家鱼和水华问题进行了敏感水文指标的变化度分析。结果显示:丹江口大坝蓄水后,汉江下游河道流量是中变化度占主导,比例范围为47～63%;水位是高变化度占主导,襄阳站和皇庄站高变化度的水文指标所占比例远大于其它站点,依次为53% 和75%,各站水位较蓄水前下降了1～2 m。黄家港站高/低流量脉冲出现的频率减少（变化度为-0.49和 -0.62）,且持续的时间变短（变化度为-0.87和 -0.74）。皇庄站和襄阳站流量和水位的月均值和极值较蓄水前减少,逆转次数在高RVA范围内较蓄水前增加（变化度为1.82）。四大家鱼产卵的敏感水文指标出现频率较蓄水前减少,且为中高变化度。下游河道枯水期流量和水位减小,增加了水华发生几率。     

陕北高原最高最低气温时空变化特征分析

采用气候倾向率、趋势系数、普通克里格插值、Mann—Kendall检验、小波分析等方法对陕北高原1960-2009年最高气温、最低气温的时空变化特征与突变特点进行分析。结果表明,近50年来陕北高原最高、最低气温均有明显增温趋势,分别为0．3℃／10a和0．32℃／10a;最高、最低气温增温幅度存在季节差异,最高气温在春季增温幅度最大,最低气温在冬季增温幅度最大;最高、最低气温增温的地区差异也较显著,最高气温增温趋势从北向南呈间隔分布,最低气温增温趋势从西向东逐渐递减;最高、最低气温升温突变显著,分别为1994年和1993年;最低气温突变早于最高气温,说明最低气温比最高气温敏感。     

基于主成分—聚类分析的贫困县（区）经济发展研究——以陕南地区国家级贫困县（区）为例

采用国内生产总值、人均纯收入、城镇固定资产投资、社会消费品零售总额等11个指标,运用主成分分析法对陕南地区20个国家级贫困县（区）的经济发展水平进行了评价,在此基础上运用聚类分析法将贫困县（区）分成四种类型：第一类是＂第二、第三产业并进型＂的汉滨区,第二类是＂特色农业带动型＂的商州区,第三类是＂优势矿业驱动型＂的洛南县和旬阳县,第四类是＂传统农业主导型＂的其余16个贫困县,针对各类型贫困县（区）提出相应的发展对策。     

Relationship between antibiotic residues and occurrence of resistant bacteria in Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) cultured in cage-farm

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between antibiotic residues found in the muscle of cage-farm-raised Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus), the occurrence of resistant bacteria, and the sanitary practices adopted by farmers in Ilha Solteira reservoir, Brazil. Nine fish (three small fish, 40–200 g; three medium-sized fish, 200–500 g; and three large fish, 500–800 g) were collected from four cage farms every three months from April 2013 to January 2014. Ten antibiotic residues were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and bacteria were isolated and tested for antibiotic resistance to determine the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index. Only three antibiotics (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and florfenicol) were detected in the muscle of Nile tilapia, and their residues were the highest in small fish; however, the MAR index was higher in large fish. In addition, a direct positive relationship between the MAR index and the concentration of antibiotic residues in Nile tilapia was found. Overall, the adoption of prophylactic management practices improved the sanitary status of cage farms, reducing bacterial infections and hampering the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.     

Reservoir Operation with Feedback in a Coupled Land Surface and Hydrologic Model: A Case Study of the Huai River Basin,China

Regarding emerging large‐scale reservoir operation models, reports of reservoir operation feedback for hydrologic modeling are rare, and little attention has been paid to flood control. An operation scheme considering multilevel flood control (MLFC) was first proposed in this study, but more reservoir information was needed. Thus, an alternative scheme was proposed that consisted of a modified version of the reservoir operation scheme in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool Model (MSWAT scheme). These schemes were coupled to a land surface and hydrologic model system with feedback, i.e., a system in which reservoir operation can affect the subsequent simulation, and were investigated in the Huai River Basin. The results show reservoir storage and peak flow were generally overestimated by the original SWAT reservoir scheme (SWAT scheme). Compared with the SWAT scheme, the MSWAT scheme successfully reduced the simulated storage and peak flow at the reservoir stations. For the downstream stations, the streamflow simulations were improved at a significance level of 5%. The performances of the MSWAT and MLFC schemes at the reservoir stations were nearly equivalent. Importantly, reservoir operation feedback to hydrologic modeling was necessary because the reservoir operation effects could not be transferred downstream without it. The streamflow simulation of a reservoir station located on a flat plain was less sensitive to feedback than that of a mountain reservoir station.     

潘口水电站移民安置区土地流转补偿标准研究

兴修大中型水利水电工程不可避免地要征收大量农田,造成大量移民非自愿性搬迁.我国实行开发性移民的方针,强调农村移民主要采取农业安置的策略.然而,移民的迁入势必会对安置区居民的土地权益带来负面的影响.因此,根据"卡尔多-希克斯"社会福利改进标准,要实现安置区土地向移民转移过程的社会福利改进,需要对利益受损的安置区集体和居民给予相应的补偿以弥补其福利损失.本文以湖北省竹山县潘口水电站为例,在对竹山县溢水镇、宝丰镇两个乡(镇)5个移民安置点的73户安置区居民进行问卷调查的基础上,运用条件价值法(CVM)对安置区土地流转的补偿标准进行了实证研究,研究结果表明:潘口水电站移民安置区土地流转补偿执行标准均未达到农地实际价值的一半,水田的补偿程度为49.54%.旱地的补偿程度为为44.54%,安置区集体和居民没有获得充分的补偿,因此,需要提高安置区土地流转补偿标准,使安置区居民也能和移民一样地分享到水利水电工程带来的增值收益.     

潮汐河口水库型饮用水水源地保护区划分技术方法

长江口作为上海重要水源地,至今还没有依法划定水源保护区。目前国内的饮用水水源地保护区划分技术方法在潮汐河口水域应用时存在科学性差、适用性不强等问题。对国内外饮用水水源地保护区的划分方法进行了调研;研究了河口潮汐往复流特征、水污染排放、水环境特点,明确了河口水源库水质净化和防范突发污染事故风险的要求,提出了充分利用水库库区自净能力的划分原则和应用污染物最大流动距离法划分潮汐河口水库型水源地二级水源保护范围的技术方法。以氨氮作为特征因子分析水库的自净能力,认为库区作为一级保护区可以承担二级保护区的水质净化功能。以99%保证率的涨落潮流速并考虑季风的影响计算得到最大流动距离,并以此确定了青草沙水库的二级保护区范围上下游和横向边界范围。研究表明该方法概念清晰,简单实用,可靠性强。