丹江口库区陆地植被物候空间格局及其与海拔的响应关系

海拔高度变化对区域温度、降水都起着至关重要的作用,从而会对植被物候特征产生影响。以丹江口库区为研究区,分析库区植被物候随海拔变化特征,该工作的开展对进一步认识库区植物物候空间特征,进而监测库区土地覆盖变化具有重要实践意义。研究采用Savitzky-Golay滤波算法重建库区2001~2012年MODIS 16天最大合成EVI时序影像数据,对重建后的时间序列影像采用动态阈值法提取库区陆地植被关键物候特征信息,并对库区陆地植被物候特征随海拔梯度变化特征进行分析。研究结果表明,丹江口库区陆地植被生长季为4月上旬至10月上旬,南部山区林地生长季最长,而库区中部、东部耕地生长季较短。植被物候特征随海拔梯度变化呈现两个较为明显的区域,低海拔区域植被生长季开始时间(Start of Season,SOS)随海拔升高而提前,生长季结束时间(End of Season,EOS)随海拔升高而推迟,进而导致生长季长度(Length of Season,LOS)随海拔升高而延长。而在海拔较高山区,林地植被物候呈现完全相反变化趋势。受丹江口水库和人类活动的影响,丹江口库区植被分布随海拔变化呈现两个较为明显的区域。     

不同下游河道坡降尾矿库溃坝模型试验及下游影响研究

溃坝尾砂流是含有尾砂和土石的暂时性流体,具有演进时间短、破坏性大等特点,对库区下游人民生命财产造成巨大损失。以四川某尾矿库为研究对象,建立室内溃坝模型,研究3种下游河道坡降情况下尾砂流的演进和沉积规律,并引入FLO-2D与室内溃坝模型试验进行参照。研究结果表明:室内模型试验结果与数值模拟结果相似;地势改变对于溃坝尾砂流的演进有着较大影响,沟谷、转弯和地势平缓的区域有利于尾砂的堆积和沉积;尾砂流对下游的冲击力与最大移动速度的平方和流深呈正比例关系,3种工况最大冲击力位置都与最大移动速度或最大流深相邻;根据试验和模拟结果绘制尾砂流致灾影响程度图,可为生产企业新建、扩建尾矿库提供重要的依据,保证下游人员生命、财产安全。     

贵州高原水库浮游生物群落稳定性及其环境驱动因子辨识

为了解贵州高原水库环境下,浮游动物及浮游植物群落稳定性情况,水库水质变化影响浮游生物稳定性的过程. 于2020年10月和2021年的4、6、8月对3座不同营养型水库（花溪水库、构皮滩水库和海龙水库）的浮游生物群落变化及水质变化进行研究,结合时滞分析（TLA）研究浮游动物和浮游植物群落稳定性,使用方差分解分析（VPA）探究两个群落对环境变化的响应,揭示水库浮游生物群落变化的驱动因子. 结果表明,3座水库的综合营养指数（TLI）均值为44.07、44.68和50.25. 花溪水库和构皮滩水库为中营养型水库,海龙水库为富营养型水库. 总共鉴定出浮游动物轮虫51种,轮虫39种,桡足类3种和枝角类9种. 其中轮虫丰度最多,占85.96%. 浮游植物鉴定出7门73种,蓝藻门16种,绿藻门32种,硅藻门16种,甲藻门3种,裸藻门4种,隐藻和金藻门各1种. 其中蓝藻门和硅藻门丰度占比最大,分别为66.2%和27.35%. 浮游动物和浮游植物群落Bray-Curtis距离的绝对偏差中位数（MAD）分别为：花溪水库0.67和0.65、构皮滩水库0.80和0.69、海龙水库0.85和0.47,值越大说明群落的变异越大. TLA结果中浮游动物的斜率绝对值大于浮游植物的绝对值,斜率绝对值分别为0.018和0.004,斜率绝对值越大群落变异速度越快. 浮游动物群落相对浮游植物群落稳定性更低,对环境变化的响应更敏感,变异程度更大. 水库的富营养状态程度越高,这种现象越明显. VPA显示,花溪水库和海龙水库浮游生物群落变化主要受到水温和富营养化因子影响. 构皮滩水库浮游生物群落变化主要受到水温和化学因子的影响. 花溪水库的驱动因子为水温、TP、高锰酸盐指数和SD. 构皮滩水库驱动因子为水温、NO₃^--N和pH. 海龙水库的驱动因子为水温和TP. 水温和营养盐是影响水库浮游生物群落稳定性的主要原因.     

粤北2座不同营养水平水库浮游植物功能类群的季节演替

于2011年1—12月对广东省韶关市白水礤水库和苍村水库这2座中型居民供水水库进行每月1次、为期1a的采样,利用营养状态指数(TSI)进行水质综合评价,将水库中的浮游植物按功能类群进行分类,并结合水库的水文、水质和浮游植物的生境特征,分析全年优势功能类群的演替特点及其主要的环境影响因子。结果表明,白水礤水库为贫营养型水库,苍村水库为低中营养型水库,全年共检出浮游植物7门45属(种),可划分为16个功能类群,其中,白水礤水库全年以适应低营养盐环境的功能类群占优势,耐富营养化的功能类群仅在丰水期有检出;而苍村水库全年都能监测到耐富营养环境的功能类群,且在丰水期明显占优势,但在枯水期和平水期因营养盐含量的降低,演变为以适应低营养盐环境的功能类群为主。营养盐含量的不同是导致2座水库浮游植物功能类群产生差异的根本原因,而因降水季节的变化所致水体环境因子的变化则是造成2座水库浮游植物功能类群演替不可忽视的因素。     

白龟山水库规划区污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

分析了白龟山水库及其入库河流水体和沉积物中TN,TP,有机质和Cd,Pb,Cr,Cu,Zn,Mn,Ni等7种重金属的含量及分布特征,并结合地积累指数法和HANKANSON生态危害指数法对沉积物重金属的累积效应和潜在生态风险进行评价. 结果表明:白龟山水库规划区内水库及河流水体主要污染物为TN和TP,其中鲁山污水厂出口断面严重超标,ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)高达《国家地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)Ⅱ类水质标准的46.4和22.1倍;w(TN),w(TP),w(Cd),w(Pb),w(Cr),w(Cu),w(Zn)与w(OM)呈显著正相关,而w(Mn)和w(Ni)与w(OM)的相关性不显著;鲁山污水厂出口沉积物重金属的生态危害最大,RI为241.13,为中等生态危害,以Cd和Cu的生态危害为主,特别是Cd作为最主要的生态风险贡献因子,应适当引起重视.      

三峡库区主要粮食作物和土壤中重金属的相关性及富积特征分析

采用野外采样和室内分析,试验结果表明三峡库区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Cr的变异系数小于50%,重金属的含量比较稳定。稻谷（Oryza sativa）中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr,玉米（Zea mays）中Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr和小麦（Triticum aestivum）中Cu、Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr的变异系数大于50%。土壤、稻谷、玉米、小麦中大部分重金属呈偏态分布。土壤中重金属间均为正相关,且极显著正相关性明显。稻谷、玉米、小麦中重金属间有正相关,也有负相关,但正相关明显多于负相关;稻谷、玉米、小麦中Mn同其它重金属间均有显著正相关性,协同作用明显。稻谷、玉米、小麦中Pb、Cd、Cr的样本超标率较大,污染明显,并且稻谷中Cd与土壤中Cd有直线关系。     

SEASONAL ARIMA INFLOW MODELS FOR RESERVOIR SIZING1

ABSTRACT: The reliable sizing of reservoirs is a very important task of hydraulic engineering. Although many reservoirs throughout the world have been designed using Rippl's mass curves with historical inflow volumes at the dam site, this technique is now considered outdated. In this paper, synthetic series of monthly inflows are used as an alternative to historical inflow records. These synthetic series are generated from stochastic SARIMA (Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) models. The analyzed data refer to the planned Almopeos Reservoir on the Almopeos River in Northern Greece with 19‐year monthly inflow series. The analysis of this study demonstrates the ability of SARIMA models, in conjunction with the adequate transformation, to forecast monthly inflows of one or more months ahead and generate synthetic series of monthly inflows that preserve the key statistics of the historical monthly inflows and their persistence Hurst coefficient K. The forecasted monthly inflows would be of help in evaluating the optimal real time reservoir operation policies and the generated synthetic series of monthly inflows can be used to provide a probabilistic framework for reservoir design and to cope with the situation where the design horizon of interest exceeds the length of the historical inflow record.     

RIVERWARE: A GENERALIZED TOOL FOR COMPLEX RESERVOIR SYSTEM MODELING1

ABSTRACT: Water management agencies seek the next generation of modeling tools for planning and operating river basins. Previous site‐specific models such as U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's (USBR) Colorado River Simulation System and Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA) Daily Scheduling Model have become obsolete; however, new models are difficult and expensive to develop and maintain. Previous generalized river basin modeling tools are limited in their ability to represent diverse physical system and operating policy details for a wide range of applications. RiverWare(tm), a new generalized river basin modeling tool, provides a construction kit for developing and running detailed, site‐specific models without the need to develop or maintain the supporting software within the water management agency. It includes an extensible library of modeling algorithms, several solvers, and a rich “language” for the expression of operating policy. Its point‐and‐click graphical interface facilitates model construction and execution, and communication of policies, assumptions and results to others. Applications developed and used by the TVA and the USBR demonstrate that a wide range of operational and planning problems on widely varying basins can be solved using this tool.     

OPTIMAL CONTROL OF RESERVOIR RELEASES TO MINIMIZE SEDIMENTATION IN RIVERS AND RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: An optimal control methodology and computational model are developed to evaluate multi‐reservoir release schedules that minimize sediment scour and deposition in rivers and reservoirs. The sedimentation problem is formulated within a discrete‐time optimal control framework in which reservoir releases represent control variables and reservoir bed elevations, storage levels, and river bed elevations represent state variables. Constraints imposed on reservoir storage levels and releases are accommodated using a penalty function method. The optimal control model consists of two interfaced components: a one‐dimensional finite‐difference simulation module used to evaluate flow hydraulics and sediment transport dynamics, and a successive approximation linear quadratic regulator (SALQR) optimization algorithm used to update reservoir release policies and solve the augmented control problem. Hypothetical two‐reservoir and five‐reservoir networks are used to demonstrate the methodology and its capabilities, which is a vital phase towards the development of a more robust optimal control model and application to an existing multiple‐reservoir river network.     

水源水库沉积物及其上覆水DOM光谱特征

为探究水源水库溶解性有机质(DOM)组成结构及来源,以深圳市茜坑水库为例,采用紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-Vis)并结合平行因子分析法三维荧光光谱技术(EEMs-PARAFAC)对水库表层沉积物及其上覆水的DOM光谱特征进行分析.结果表明:PARAFAC识别出3类荧光组分,分别是Cl(Ex/Em=270/304nm,类蛋...