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891.
环境监测工作是环境保护工作的基础工作,在新的形势下,如何做好环境监测工作,是环保工作必须面对的一个重要课题。本文通过总结研究淮北市在环境监测工作中一些富有创造性的做法和所取得的成效,经验,提出了一些有独立见解的工作思路和建议,对广大环保工作者特别是环境监测工作者,有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
892.
Standard procedures for evaluating environmental impact involve comparison between before and after conditions or scenarios
or between treatment and control site pairs. In many cases, however, endogenous directional change (natural succession) is
expected to occur at a significant rate over the period of concern, particularly for manmade systems such as impoundments.
Static evaluations do not provide an adequate approach to such problems. A new evaluation frame is proposed. Nominal system
behavior over time is characterized by a stochastic envelope around a nominal trajectory. We show that both the state variance
and the sampling variance can change over time. In this context, environmental regulations can be framed as constraints, targets,
or conformance to ideal trajectories. Statistical tests for determining noncompliance are explored relative to process variance,
sample error, and sample size. Criteria are elucidated for choosing properties to monitor, sample size, and sampling interval. 相似文献
893.
Almost half (354) of all fish kills (805) in South Carolina, USA, between 1978 and 1988 occurred in the coastal zone. These
kills were analyzed for causative, spatial, and temporal associations as a distinct data set and as one integrated with ambient
water quality monitoring data. Estuarine kills as a result of natural causes accounted for 42.8% followed by man-induced (35.1%)
and undetermined causes (22.1%).
Although general pesticide usage was responsible for 53.9% of man-induced kills, weed control activities around resorts and
municipal areas accounted for slightly more kills (20.9%) than did agricultural (19.8%) or vector control (13.2%) uses. A
dramatic decline in agricultural-related kills has been observed since 1986 as the integrated pest management approach was
adopted by many farmers. When taken with the few kills (12.0%) resulting from wastewaters, this suggests that these two land-use
activities have been successfully managed via existing programs (IPM and NPDES, respectively) to minimize their contributions
to estuarine fish kills.
Ambient trend monitoring data demonstrated no coastal-wide dispersion of pesticide pollution. These data confirmed the nature
of fish kills to be site-specific, near-field events most closely associated with the contiguous land-use practices and intensities.
Typically, fish kill data are considered as event-specific data limited to the bounds of that event only. Our analysis has
shown, however, that a long-term data set, when integrated with ambient water quality data, can assist in regulatory and resource
management decisions for both short- and long-term planning and protection applications. 相似文献
894.
Assessing ecological risk on a regional scale 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Carolyn T. Hunsaker Robin L. Graham Glenn W. Suter II Robert V. O'Neill Lawrence W. Barnthouse Robert H. Gardner 《Environmental management》1990,14(3):325-332
Society needs a quantitative and systematic way to estimate and compare the impacts of environmental problems that affect
large geographic areas. This paper presents an approach for regional risk assessment that combines regional assessment methods
and landscape ecology theory with an existing framework for ecological risk assessment. Risk assessment evaluates the effects
of an environmental change on a valued natural resource and interprets the significance of those effects in light of the uncertainties
identified in each component of the assessment process. Unique and important issues for regional risk assessment are emphasized;
these include the definition of the disturbance scenario, the assessment boundary definition, and the spatial heterogeneity
of the landscape.
Although the research described in this article has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) through Interagency Agreement Number DW89932112-01-2 to the U.S. Department of Energy, it has not been subjected
to EPA review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of EPA and no official endorsement should be inferred. 相似文献
895.
This article addresses the development of an agricultural productivity equation for predicting new soil (neo-sol) plant growth potential in Clay County, Minnesota, USA. Soil factors examined in the study include percent organic matter, percent slope, percent rock fragments, hydraulic conductivity, electrical conductivity, pH, topographic position, available water-holding capacity, bulk density, and percent clay. Squared terms and two-factor interaction terms were also examined as possible regressors. A best equation was selected that had a multiple coefficient of determination of 0.7399 and has five significant regressors and intercept withP.0001. The regressors are hydraulic conductivity, percent slope squared, bulk density times percent rock fragments, electrical conductivity times percent rock fragments, and electrical conductivity times percent organic matter. The regressors predict soil suitability for a general crop model. The crops included in the model are wheat, oats, barley, soybeans, sugar beets, sunflowers, and grasses/legumes. 相似文献
896.
Joseph M. Petulla 《Environmental management》1989,13(3):273-278
Since the term environmental ethics began to be used a generation ago, it has covered many different kinds of environmental notions, problems, ethical systems, and forms of behavior. A variety of cases are presented and examined under two terms,environmental ethics andecological morality, in an effort to illustrate different kinds of ethical objectives. In order to understand the connections between various strands of environmental ethics, personal and social values and subcultural norms of environmental ethics are examined under Christopher Stone's concept of moral pluralism. G. J. Warnock's notion of the general object of morality is proposed to integrate the variegated purposes of environmental ethics. 相似文献
897.
898.
Environmental degradation, competition for resources, increasing food demands, and the integration of agriculture into the
international economy threaten the sustainability of many food production systems. Despite these concerns, the concept of
sustainable food production systems remains unclear, and recent attempts to appraise sustainability have been hampered by
conceptual inconsistencies and the absence of workable definitions. Six perspectives are shown to underpin the concept. Environmental
accounting identifies biophysical limits for agriculture. Sustained yield refers to output levels that can be maintained continuously.
Carrying capacity defines maximum population levels that can be supported in perpetuity. Production unit viability refers
to the capacity of primary producers to remain in agriculture. Product supply and security focuses on the adequacy of food
supplies. Equity is concerned with the spatial and temporal distribution of products dervied from resource use. Many studies
into sustainable agriculture cover more than one of these perspectives, indicating the concept is complex and embraces issues
relating to the biophysical, social, and economic environments. Clarification of the concept would facilitate the development
of frameworks and analytical systems for appraising the sustainability of food production systems.
LRRC Contribution No. 90–46. 相似文献
899.
One of the objectives of US environmental regulations was to reduce industrial air pollution emissions, especially from the
electric utility industry, the major industrial air polluter. In this study, a comparative analysis of air pollution emissions
from fossil-fuel-burning electric utility plants is conducted. The analysis focuses on a 12-yr period from 1975 to 1987 for
three air pollutants: particulates, surfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides.
The results indicate that particulate emissions have been significantly reduced but that sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
are still major problems for a number of plants. Furthermore, the disparity in the performance by plants indicates that by
using current technology, the industry as a whole could greatly reduce these emissions. These results have policy implication
for future environmental legislation. 相似文献
900.
作者在对中国我人民解放军第47医院病建项目所产生的大气环境影响进行了医学秤价和影响,并在预测的基础上,建立了完整的环境医学影响廉政价方法,由于该评价方法完全尊循了国内现行大气环境影响评价的基本要求和程序,因此,它在今后的环境影响医学评价中净有广泛的应用。 相似文献