微生物絮凝剂产生菌的培养条件

讨论了微生物絮凝剂产生培养条件,研究表明该菌最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为尿素,最适培养温度为30℃,最适pH值为8左右,试验还发现过量的通气量不利于絮凝剂的合成。     

甘青地区定西巉口齐家文化时期的古气候环境

甘青地区从新石器时代以来黄河流域上游各个支流分布着大量的古文化遗址。我们首次在甘青地区定西巉口5 200～3 700 cal a BP时期地层中发现了齐家文化遗存。通过对瓷器残片的初步分析,认为该地区的古文化代表了原始文明的封闭性,但落后的生产方式也受到当时较发达主流文化中先进生产技术的影响,表现出丝绸之路古文明的传承和交流。本文对粒度、碳酸盐含量、TOC含量,以及有机组分、元素含量等古环境指标的综合分析,结合5个AMS ~(14)C年代值建立的深度-年代模式,对巉口剖面末次冰消期以来的古环境进行重建。结果表明,～13 300 cal a BP气候干冷; 13 300～11 200 cal a BP气候干旱、较少陆生植物; 11 200～5 200 cal a BP气候较为适宜,陆生植被发育,木本植物数量增加,为半干旱森林-草原环境; 5 200～3 700 cal a BP期间草本和木本植物急剧减少,气候干旱程度增加; 3 700～2 200 cal a BP气候处于干旱-半干旱状态,以疏林草原植被为主; 2 200 cal a BP以来该地区人类活动加强。巉口齐家文化遗址位于5 200～3 700 cal a BP期间的河漫滩沉积环境中,齐家文化的兴起和衰落处于气候干冷、陆生植被极不发育时期,人们主要在靠近河道的漫滩一级阶地上择水而居。     

Occupational Safety Culture Index (OSCI)——measuring the community and employees awareness,attitude and knowledge towards workplace safety and health in Hong Kong SAR

Promoting occupational safety and health in Hong Kong,Special Administrative Region of China is an important and ongoing mission. As the major organization with statutory responsibilities,the Occupational Safety and Health Council understand the importance to strengthen and cultivate our safety culture. It is widely believed that numbers of occupational related diseases and injuries could be prevented with the improvement of the awareness and attitudes of the employees and the public. Therefore,a comprehensive and in-depth study to monitor the occupational health and safety level and status of the community and working population is needed. Objectives: Our Council has developed the Occupational Safety Culture Index ( OSCI) to measure the current level of community and workplace safety and health awareness,knowledge and attitude. Benchmarking measures of the key safety performance indicators are to be derived thereof. Methods: A territory-wide random telephone survey was conducted to assess the community and employees’awareness,attitude and knowledge in 2008. A structured questionnaire was designed with the content validity and reliability assessed before the survey administration. A series of quality control approaches were also applied to assure the quality of the fieldwork and the reliability of the data. Results: 1,531 eligible participants’data were collected and computed into 2 types of composite indices,Occupational Safety Culture Index ( Community) ( OSCIC) and Occupational Safety Culture Index (Workplace) (OSCIW) . With the maximum score of index at 100,the overall score of OSCIC is 66. 9 and the OSCIW is 61. 3 in Hong Kong. Achievements: OSCI served as an effective management tool to measure the safety culture in Hong Kong. With a representative sample and high quality study control and validated assessment approaches,the OSCI and the sub-indices are reliable indicators to assess the effectiveness of safety culture enhancement strategy and the OSH intervention measures.     

Isolation,identification, culture conditions,and laccase production of a wild mushroom 'Huaier'北大核心CSCD

In the present study, fruiting bodies of a wild medicinal mushroom, 'Huaier, ' were collected from Populus canadensis in the Beijing Xiangshan Park. The pure culture strain was obtained from fruiting bodies using the tissue isolation method. It was stored and numbered as XS-01. It was systematically classified using morphological and ITS identification. Further studies were focused on mycelia optimum culture conditions and laccase production by liquid fermentation. A 598-bp partial ITS region sequence (GenBank accession number KY93348) was obtained using PCR method. Phylogenetic tree and genetic distance analysis were performed using the MEGA 6.0 software. The present strain possessed the highest homology (100%) with Perenniporia robiniophila, and the genetic distances were 0.000. Based on the ITS sequencing and morphological characteristics of fruiting bodies and mycelia, XS-01 was identified as P. robiniophila. Based on mycelial growth rate and quality, mycelia optimum culture conditions were revealed to be as follows: the optimum carbon sources were starch and maltose, the optimum nitrogen source was yeast extracts, the optimum C/N ratio range was 30/1 - 60/1, the best growth temperature was 32 °C, the optimum pH was 7, and the optimum growth factor was VB1. Further study of Cu2+ on extracellular laccase production revealed that 1.0 mmol/L Cu2+ could significantly enhance the enzyme production, with the highest activity of 417.5 U/mL when cultured for 96 h and an increase ratio of 93.4% to the control. On the other hand, 2.0 mmol/L Cu2+ can markedly decrease the enzyme production laccase activity at 96 h to 79.0 U/mL, which was 36.6% of that of the control. In conclusion, a pure strain of T. robiniophila with high extracellular laccase activity was obtained, suggesting its potential application for artificial cultivation and laccase production. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Culture and the environment in the United States

The beliefs of Americans about the proper relationship between humans and their environment were profoundly affected by waves of immigration from Europe. Immigrants valued ownership of land, individuality, freedom, domination of nature, and technological development. These themes remain strong today as centerpieces of the American dominant social paradigm (DSP).That DSP has been reexamined and found wanting by an increasing proportion of Americans. This departure from the old DSP has progressed further among the public than among the elite who have a greater stake in preserving the status quo. Environmentalists constitute a vanguard trying to lead the people to a new, more environmentally oriented social paradigm. The beliefs of the old DSP and the new environmental paradigm (NEP) are contrasted in Table 2. Briefly, the NEP advocates stress love of nature rather than domination of it; compassion for other peoples, future generations, and other species; planning to avoid risk; limits to growth; fundamental social change; and a new structuring of politics.These two worldviews are likely to be in vigorous conflict for several decades in the USA. Social learning, spurred by deterioration of the old ways, is likely to lead Americans to a new perspective on their relationship to nature.With the advice and assistance of Barbara V. Fisher.     

Culture and the environment on the Cape Verde Islands

The Cape Verde Islands originally supported a limited island ecology which, since the arrival of settlers 500 years ago, has been steadily altered or destroyed. Today, deforestation and overfarming, combined with the natural conditions of aridity and strong winds, have rendered the islands barren and eroded. The current government of the Republic of Cape Verde is attempting to alter traditional attitudes and customs of environmental neglect and mismanagement, while at the same time striving to restore or create self-sustaining ecosystems. The introduction of plants, animals, and physical structures enhancing soil and water conservation may create a more viable total ecosystem than existed before humans arrived.     

Culture and the environment in Japan

This article discusses the environmental problems of Japan from a cultural point of view. The traditional Japanese view of nature differs from that of Western culture. During the 19th century, Japan introduced Western technology to modernize its industries as quickly as possible. Its transition into the modern industrial world was successful but resulted in serious problems. One of these was the rapid destruction of the natural environment; another, the feeling of homelessness that the Japanese people experienced in their newly Westernized surroundings.The Japanese people have now reached the point where they must reevaluate their traditional ideas about nature and their responses to technology. Their solutions to some of the problems that result from industrialization may be useful to Western countries as well.     

江汉平原石家河谭家岭遗址新石器时代环境考古

通过对位于江汉平原北部石家河古城内谭家岭遗址地层孢粉、碳氮地球化学和磁化率代用指标的综合分析表明,石家河文化早期(4.6—4.4 ka BP),孢粉浓度较高且种类多,特别是喜暖湿的孢粉科属含量较大,植被覆盖较好,说明遗址及周边地区受人类活动干扰较少;TOC、TN和C/N偏高,δ~(13)C_(org)偏低,表明当时以C_3植物为主,气候较为温暖湿润;该时期遗址区域可能积水较多,磁化率值总体较低,发生过水域面积增大但持续时间不长的变化,石家河古城在防御洪水及外敌入侵方面发挥了较大作用。石家河文化中晚期(4.4—4.0 ka BP),孢粉种类和浓度减小,TOC、TN和C/N也持续减小,δ~(13)C_(org)则偏高,气候凉干,降水减少,遗址区域积水减少并逐渐演变成古人的居住用地,受人类活动影响磁化率值明显增高;由于河湖、地下水位下降,石家河古城防御洪水与外侵的功能消失并逐渐废弃。4.2 ka BP前后气候持续凉干,极端灾害事件频繁发生,影响了当地农业和渔猎业的发展,使得石家河文化发展停滞,这是导致本区石家河文化衰落的重要环境因素。     

白腐真菌对活性艳红染料X-3B的脱色实验研究

探讨了白腐真菌对活性艳红染料X-3B废水的脱色效果。实验结果表明白腐真菌可以有效地对染料废水进行脱色。白腐真菌在空气曝气培养条件下,比在空气静置培养状态下具有更强的脱色降解能力;而且当在染料废水中加入一定量的碳源物质(葡萄糖)能提高白腐真菌脱色能力。最后,通过考察细胞外液对染料废水的脱色效果,表明白腐真菌对染料进行脱色的核心体系位于细胞体外。实验结果对白腐真菌在环境工程中的直接应用具有一定的价值。     

Filtration and recirculation of early amniotic fluid. Evaluation of cell cultures from 100 diagnostic cases

Due to the low cell concentration, cultures from early amniotic fluid specimens usually require 2–3 weeks in culture prior to karyotyping. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the culture quality of amniotic fluid cells from early pregnancy, obtained by a new filter technique. The hypothetical advantage of the technique was that the increased cell yield might reduce the culture time before karyotyping. Culture quality was assessed by the number of colonies, the percentage of colonies containing mitoses in filter and control cultures, and the culture time. The setting was a consecutive clinical trial. One hundred samples were obtained from ongoing pregnancies at 11–14 weeks of gestation (mean 12·8 weeks). By circulating a mean of 26 ml of amniotic fluid through a cell filter system leading the cell-free fluid back to the amniotic cavity, the cell yield was increased in the sample of 7 ml corresponding to the dead space of the filter system. The culture results were compared with control cultures from 5 ml samples drawn from the same pregnancies prior to recirculation. The cultures from the first flushing of the filter system yielded 2·6 times more colonies and in total 4·2 times more colonies were found in the three cultures grown from each filter sample when compared with the control cultures. Moreover, the filter cultures showed significantly more colonies with mitoses. The mean culture time was 8·0 days for the filter cultures, from which the karyotypes were analysed. The controls would have needed more time in culture to fulfil the diagnostic criteria for karyotyping. One case of 47,XY, + 21 was found; the rest had normal karyotypes. We conclude that the filter technique improves the culture quality of early amniotic fluid samples and allows early arrest of the cultures.