流域累积性环境风险评价研究进展

对当前流域累计性环境风险评价方面的研究进展进行梳理并对未来研究进行展望。通过概念辨析和文献调研的方法,指出了现有研究存在的3个问题:综合生态风险评价结果过于宏观,健康风险评价暴露途径考虑单一以及健康风险评价不确定性未有实质改变。进而得出结论:克服上述问题,需要在加强风险过程模型的构建与应用;开展多暴露途径的健康风险评价;将健康风险评价纳入我国现行流域管理以及开展完整的流域累积性环境风险评价等4个方面进行加强。     

潮河流域景观格局与非点源污染负荷关系研究

以密云水库上游潮河流域为研究区,在HSPF模型模拟的基础上,利用CCA排序和路径分析等多种统计分析方法,分析不同水平景观格局与非点源污染过程的相关关系,确定各景观指数对非点源污染的影响和贡献程度.结果表明:潮河流域景观格局与非点源污染过程的关系密切,二者的关系与空间尺度也有着紧密的关联.景观格局指数能累积解释55％的流域非点源污染负荷变化,土地利用面积比例的影响要大于景观格局指数,耕地是污染负荷的主要贡献源,而林地和草地较能有效控制污染物的输出.污染负荷受景观的破碎化、多样性和蔓延度的影响较大,流域内的景观越破碎、类型越丰富,斑块分布越零散,污染物的输出也就越多.斑块类型水平上,影响污染物负荷的指标因景观类型不同而异,其中,斑块密度(PD)和边缘密度(ED)是影响流域非点源污染负荷的共性指标.路径分析的结果表明,边缘密度(ED)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)、聚集度指数(AI)和蔓延度指数(CONTAG)是影响流域非点源污染负荷输出的主要景观格局变量,其中,香农多样性指数对TN、TP负荷的解释能力最大.较少的人类活动干扰和斑块类型的团聚分布能减少污染物输出的风险.     

Aquatic biodiversity and the electric utility industry

Results from a 1995 survey of utility company biologists indicate that aquatic biodiversity is an emerging and poorly understood issue. As a result, there is some confusion about what aquatic biodiversity actually is, and how we can best conserve it. Only one fourth (24%) of the respondents said their company has a stated environmental policy that addresses biodiversity. Many respondents indicate that over the years they have not specifically managed for biodiversity, but have been doing that through their efforts to assure balanced indigenous populations. While regulations are still the major driver for biological work, an increasing number of companies are involved in voluntary partnerships in managing water resources. Of these voluntary partnerships, 70% have biodiversity as a goal. Biodiversity is becoming an increasingly common subject of study, and a vast majority (75%) of the respondents suggested it should be a goal for utility resource management. Conservation of aquatic biodiversity is a complex task, and to date most aquatic efforts have been directed toward fish and macroinvertebrates. Ecological research and technological development performed by the utility industry have resulted in a number of successful biopreservation and biorestoration success stories. A common theme to preserving or enhancing aquatic biodiversity is preserving aquatic habitat. Increasingly, ecosystem management is touted as the most likely approach to achieve success in preserving aquatic biodiversity. Several utilities are conducting progressive work in implementing ecosystem management. This paper presents the potential interactions between power plants and biodiversity, an overview of aquatic biodiversity preservation efforts within the electric utility industry, more detail on the results of the survey, and recent initiatives in ecosystem management.     

农户生态移民意愿及影响因素研究——基于新疆三工河流域的农户调查

基于农户访谈与问卷调查,对新疆三工河流域农户的生态移民意愿、移民效果与留居意愿进行调查,并采用Logistic模型对农户移民意愿与留居意愿的主要影响因素进行分析。研究结果显示:①家庭人口数、人均纯收入、主要收入来源、非农收入比重和参与退耕还林情况是影响农户搬迁意愿的主要因素,家庭人口数量越少,非农收入比重越大,对生态环境保护重要性的认知越强,就越能接受生态移民政策;②移民工程对河谷内生态环境改善作用显著,促进了退耕还林进程,草场压力有所缓解,但移民农户没有得到妥善安置,影响了农户家庭收入,其对定居点生产条件与生活环境评价较低,42.35%的农户认为搬迁后生活质量变差;③移民农户的留居意愿普遍不强,71.92%的农户想搬回原居住地,生活质量变化、定居点灌溉条件与耕地质量是影响其留居意愿的主要因素。政府应着力改善定居点水土资源条件与基础设施建设,提供农业技术培训,鼓励外出务工,以增加农户经济收入,改善生产生活环境,加强农户移民与留居意愿,促进移民工程的顺利实施。     

巢湖流域农田生态系统磷代谢分析

采用物质流分析方法,建立巢湖流域农业种植系统的静态磷代谢分析模型,结合统计数据和文献参数,估算了2008年巢湖流域农田生态系统排水含磷来源分配以及流域各县(市)农田生态系统排水的磷含量.结果表明,巢湖流域整个农田生态系统的排向水体的含磷总量为14125.1158t,其中化肥和还田畜禽粪便是巢湖流域农田生态系统磷输入的主要来源,其排入水体的含磷总量分别为37172.0944t和26230.2336t;而肥西县与合肥市辖区是农田种植对水环境影响最大的区域,其农田生态系统排水含磷总量分别为4077.6575t和2849.133t.     

Using Ecological Risk Assessment to Identify the Major Anthropogenic Stressor in the Waquoit Bay Watershed,Cape Cod,Massachusetts

The Waquoit Bay Watershed ecological risk assessment was performed by an interdisciplinary and interagency workgroup. This paper focuses on the steps taken to formulate the analysis plan for this watershed assessment. The workgroup initially conducted a series of meetings with the general public and local and state managers to determine environmental management objectives for the watershed. The workgroup then decided that more information was needed on the impacts of six stressors: nutrient enrichment, physical alteration of habitat, altered freshwater flow, toxic chemicals, pathogens, and fisheries harvesting. Assessment endpoints were selected to establish the link between environmental management objectives, impacts of stressors, and scientifically measurable endpoints. The following assessment endpoints were selected: estuarine eelgrass cover, scallop abundance, finfish diversity and abundance, wetland bird distribution and abundance, piping plover distribution and abundance, tissue contaminant levels, and brook trout distribution and abundance in streams. A conceptual model was developed to show the pathways between human activities, stressors, and ecological effects. The workgroup analyzed comparative risks, by first ranking stressors in terms of their potential risk to biotic resources in the watershed. Then stressors were evaluated by considering the components of stressors (e.g., the stressor chemical pollution included both heavy metals and chlorinated solvents components) in terms of intensity and extensiveness. The workgroup identified nutrient enrichment as the major stressor. Nutrient enrichment comprised both phosphorus enrichment in freshwater ponds and nitrogen enrichment within estuaries. Because phosphorus impacts were being analyzed and mitigated by the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, this assessment focused on nitrogen. The process followed to identify the predominant stressor and focus the analyses on nitrogen impacts on eelgrass and scallops will serve as an example of how to increase the use of the findings of a watershed assessment in decision making.     

A river might run through it again: criteria for consideration of dam removal and interim lessons from California

Resource managers are increasingly being challenged by stakeholder groups to consider dam removal as a policy option and as a tool for watershed management. As more dam owners face high maintenance costs, and rivers as spawning grounds for anadromous fish become increasingly valuable, dam removal may provide the greatest net benefit to society. This article reviews the impact of Endangered Species Act listings for anadromous fish and recent shifts in the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's hydropower benefit-costs analysis and discusses their implications for dam removal in California. We propose evaluative criteria for consideration of dam removal and apply them to two case studies: the Daguerre and Englebright Dams on the Yuba River and the Scott and Van Horne Dams on the South Eel River, California.     

Making Collaborative Watershed Management Work: The Confluence of State and Regional Initiatives

Initiatives in the Neponset, Ipswich, and Sudbury-Assabet-Concord watersheds highlight how watershed-scale innovation in engaging nongovernment participants is influenced, but not dominated, by the statewide program, the Massachusetts Watershed Initiative. The presence or absence of three elements—external support, process, and issue—and the order in which they occur, shape the viability of collaborative watershed-scale management initiatives. External support includes providing personnel or funding from outside an initiative. Process is the interaction among individuals undertaking watershed-wide policy development and/or implementation. An issue is an attention-requiring concern, vital to a watershed, that can most effectively be addressed by a coordinated strategy among different parties. A process generated by an issue is sustainable and amenable to enhancement through external support. The contribution of external support is most apparent when outside assistance is provided after an issue has crystallized into clear problem needs that can be addressed through specific research projects or implementation activities. Process is central in shaping issues, utilizing external support, and generating management results. The outcomes of voluntary processes in the three watershed initiatives highlight how the evolution of the Massachusetts Watershed Initiative leads to, and depends upon, the development of watershed-scale initiatives.     

Habitat Assessment of Non-Wadeable Rivers in Michigan

Habitat evaluation of wadeable streams based on accepted protocols provides a rapid and widely used adjunct to biological assessment. However, little effort has been devoted to habitat evaluation in non-wadeable rivers, where it is likely that protocols will differ and field logistics will be more challenging. We developed and tested a non-wadeable habitat index (NWHI) for rivers of Michigan, where non-wadeable rivers were defined as those of order ≥5, drainage area ≥1600 km², mainstem lengths ≥100 km, and mean annual discharge ≥15 m³/s. This identified 22 candidate rivers that ranged in length from 103 to 825 km and in drainage area from 1620 to 16,860 km². We measured 171 individual habitat variables over 2-km reaches at 35 locations on 14 rivers during 2000–2002, where mean wetted width was found to range from 32 to 185 m and mean thalweg depth from 0.8 to 8.3 m. We used correlation and principal components analysis to reduce the number of variables, and examined the spatial pattern of retained variables to exclude any that appeared to reflect spatial location rather than reach condition, resulting in 12 variables to be considered in the habitat index. The proposed NWHI included seven variables: riparian width, large woody debris, aquatic vegetation, bottom deposition, bank stability, thalweg substrate, and off-channel habitat. These variables were included because of their statistical association with independently derived measures of human disturbance in the riparian zone and the catchment, and because they are considered important in other habitat protocols or to the ecology of large rivers. Five variables were excluded because they were primarily related to river size rather than anthropogenic disturbance. This index correlated strongly with indices of disturbance based on the riparian (adjusted R² = 0.62) and the catchment (adjusted R² = 0.50), and distinguished the 35 river reaches into the categories of poor (2), fair (19), good (13), and excellent (1). Habitat variables retained in the NWHI differ from several used in wadeable streams, and place greater emphasis on known characteristic features of larger rivers.     

Utilization of environmental knowledge for watershed management in Northern Michigan

The Northern Michigan Environmental Research Program was conducted by the University of Michigan's Biological Station and Institute for Social Research to obtain information about the aquatic and human resources of water-rich, resort-oriented northern lower Michigan. Results of the study were directed toward long-term environmental management. Multiple methods were used to communicate study results, including self-contained information briefs, regular contacts and seminars with community leaders and public officials, and mass media. Selected illustrations of project data applied to environmental management problems are cited, e.g., curtailment of nutrient loadings, wetlands protection, improved effectiveness of riparian organizations, and highway planning. A series of shortLakeland Reports, designed to present factual information, general environmental principles, and action implications to a lay audience, proved to be effective. However, it became apparent that environmental decisions were not strongly affected by reports alone. Instead, several mutually reinforcing channels of communication must be employed to develop a climate of receptiveness and understanding to insure environmentally sound decisions.