GENERATION OF HOURLY RAINFALL1

ABSTRACT: A rainfall model was developed to divide daily rainfall into storms and distribute storm depths over storm duration for input into the Stanford Watershed Model.     

Stream corridor management in the Pacific Northwest: I. Determination of stream-corridor widths

King County, Washington is a part of the rapidly growing Pacific Northwest region. This growth has placed pressure on stream corridors. Past studies about regional stream corridors provide a rich source of information for environmental planners and managers. This article draws on existing literature and case studies to provide guidelines for determining optimal stream corridor widths in a watershed located in King County, Washington.     

图们江流域生态环境研究态势分析

利用文献计量学方法,基于维普数据库的检索结果,定量分析国内发表的图们江流域生态环境相关研究论文的主题、作者、机构及时间等信息,结合定性研究内容,分析图们江流域生态环境的研究态势和现有的数据表明:图们江流域生态环境研究较薄弱,发展较缓慢,研究热点是水质水环境和流域生态等,相关研究的资金、人力、与机构投入不足。     

用于流域管理的河流水生态系统健康评价初探

对生态健康、河流生态系统健康概念进行了简要的总结,回顾了国内外河流生态系统健康评价的方法,提出了现阶段河流生态系统健康评价的不足及今后应该进一步研究的内容,并提出了河流生态系统健康评价在流域科学管理中的作用。     

滇池流域TN、TP入湖负荷预报预警系统

以流域模型HSPF和贝叶斯递归回归树算法(BRRT)为计算模块,建立了滇池流域27条主要入湖河流和33个散流区的TN、TP入湖负荷预报预警系统.同时,构建了考虑历史排放规律和预测负荷计算预警指数(EWI)评价预警等级的两套预警体系.结果表明:BRRT替代模型在流域内以农业面源为主的柴河子流域校准和验证的可决系数R2均大于0.8,模拟结果相对可靠;根据预警时间选取预警体系;适用于6月份之前的预警体系一(EWS-1),利用现状排放量和历史排放量的关系计算预警指数.适用于6月份之后的预警体系二(EWS-2),主要考虑现状排放量、历史平均排放量、排放限值和预测排放量之间的关系计算3个预警指数,最终以最严格的作为综合预警指数EWI评价预警等级;根据柴河子流域"十二五"规划的TN和TP排放限值为130.2 t·a-1、6.8 t·a-1,应用此系统对2011年2、4、9和11月做出预警检验,各月份预警结果基本处于红色和黑色预警,该系统可为流域提供预警支持.     

基于RUSLE模型的延河流域2001-2010年土壤侵蚀动态变化

以黄土高原典型丘陵沟壑区--延河流域为研究区, 基于GIS和RS技术, 利用2001-2010年延河流域水文站月降雨量数据、MODIS NDVI数据、DEM数据、土壤类型数据和土地利用数据,率定了修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)的相关参数,计算了研究区2001-2010年逐年的土壤侵蚀模数, 利用杏河水文站实测的泥沙数据, 验证了模型的有效性,分析了延河流域土壤侵蚀强度的时空变化特征。结果表明,2001年到2010年延河流域土壤侵蚀模数呈减小趋势,2001年土壤侵蚀模数最大,为6 596.72 t/(km²·a),2008年土壤侵蚀模数最小,减小到2 485.46 t/(km²·a),降低62.32%;2009年由于暴雨冲刷,土壤侵蚀模数显著增大;2010年土壤侵蚀模数和2006、2007年相差不多;土壤侵蚀强度分布比例变化明显,土壤侵蚀强度为强度、极强、剧烈的面积比分别由16.21%、21.93%和12.36%降低为10.85%、4.58%和0.39%。土壤侵蚀强度等级转移矩阵表明大部分地区的土壤侵蚀强度向低一级转移,2001-2005年31.68%的面积土壤侵蚀强度降低一级,2005-2010年42.13%的面积土壤侵蚀强度降低一级。     

Lessons for successful participatory watershed modeling: A perspective from modeling practitioners

Participatory modeling is the process of incorporating stakeholders, often including the public, and decision makers into an otherwise purely analytic modeling process to support decisions involving complex natural resources questions. Participatory modeling is particularly compatible with the rising focus on integrated water resources management, which incorporates systems theory and aims to protect and improve water resources while considering economic and social concerns in the community. In this article, we present a series of lessons based on experience working with stakeholder groups to develop watershed and water quality models to address water resource issues in Maryland, Vermont, Utah, and Virginia. We believe these lessons in participatory modeling, discussed from our perspective as scientists and modelers engaged in applied watershed issues, can help to achieve successful participatory modeling efforts elsewhere. The lessons relate to stakeholder engagement, modeling tools, model development and calibration, scenario testing, and applying results to management decisions.     

Integrating sentinel watershed-systems into the monitoring and assessment of Minnesota’s (USA) waters quality

Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires States and Tribes to list waters not meeting water quality standards. A total maximum daily load must be prepared for waters identified as impaired with respect to water quality standards. Historically, the management of pollution in Minnesota has been focused on point-source regulation. Regulatory effort in Minnesota has improved water quality over the last three decades. Non-point source pollution has become the largest driver of conventional 303(d) listings in the 21st century. Conventional pollutants, i.e., organic, sediment and nutrient imbalances can be identified with poor land use management practices. However, the cause and effect relationship can be elusive because of natural watershed-system influences that vary with scale. Elucidation is complex because the current water quality standards in Minnesota were designed to work best with water quality permits to control point sources of pollution. This paper presents a sentinel watershed-systems approach (SWSA) to the monitoring and assessment of Minnesota waterbodies. SWSA integrates physical, chemical, and biological data over space and time using advanced technologies at selected small watersheds across Minnesota to potentially improve understanding of natural and anthropogenic watershed processes and the management of point and non-point sources of pollution. Long-term, state-of-the-art monitoring and assessment is needed to advance and improve water quality standards. Advanced water quality or ecologically-based standards that integrate physical, chemical, and biological numeric criteria offer the potential to better understand, manage, protect, and restore Minnesota’s waterbodies.     

辽河流域水环境监测网络优化技术研究

以辽河流域2009—2011年监测数据为基础,针对北方季节性河流,在制定了水环境监测网络优化原则的前提下,分别运用最优分割法、变异系数与水质类别相结合方法、连续3年未检出判断法进行了辽河流域水环境质量监测断面、监测频次和监测项目的优化。结果表明,辽河流域优化后的监测断面为18个,比优化前减少8个。在监测频次上,干旱少雨的月份中,1、5、10月应保持每个月2次的监测频次,2—4月、11—12月每月监测1次;湿润多雨的6—9月只监测1~2次即可,全年监测频次分布更合理。监测项目分为必测项目和选测项目,必测项目为12~20项,选测项目为3~11项。     

基于生态管理的流域水环境功能区划——以浑河流域为例

从环境战略管理的高度,提出了一种基于生态管理的流域水环境功能区划分方法.在现行水环境功能区划的基础上,结合生态管理理念及相关理论,并充分考虑我国水环境管理能力及发展趋势,进行流域水环境功能区划分.流域水环境功能区划以流域水生态分区为基础,根据参考条件评估水体的生态状况,考虑水体生态保护功能和最小生态需水量,提出新的流域水环境功能区划的理论基础和技术方法体系.首次将水生态分区、水生态保护目标和生态需水量引入水环境功能区划之中,对原水环境功能区划的内涵进行了拓展.该方法以浑河流域为案例做了实证研究.