Dynamic modeling of chemical fate and transport in multimedia environments at watershed scale-II: trichloroethylene test case

A multimedia environmental fate model was developed to study the temporal dynamics and spatial distribution of a chemical pollutant at watershed scale. The theoretical considerations and implementation of the model were described in the accompanying paper (Part I). This paper presents the result of a test simulation on the transport of trichloroethylene (TCE) in the Connecticut River Basin. The simulation results were reported as time series of concentrations and inter-media transport fluxes in the compartments of atmosphere, plant, soil, surface water, and sediment. Predicted concentrations from the test simulation were compared with published field data or predictions by validated models. The temporal trends in TCE predictions were evaluated by comparing the simulation results with monthly TCE concentrations in various environmental compartments and monthly fluxes of inter-media transport processes. Results indicated that the simulation results were in reasonable agreement with reported data in the literature. The results also revealed that the mass transport of TCE from the atmosphere compartment to soil and surface water was a major route of TCE dispersion in the environment.     

土地利用和生态系统服务功能变化研究 ——以三峡库区大宁河流域为例

将土地利用类型分类为耕地、有林地（森林地）、灌木林地、草地、迹地、水体、建设用地和未利用地8类。以遥感数据为数据源,通过自动分类和人工解译相结合的方法获取了以上土地利用类型,并对三峡库区大宁河流域的土地利用变化过程和驱动力做了分析。以Costanza等人的全球生态系统服务价值的估测结果为基础,对各种地类生态服务功能价值重新赋值,进而估算近30年大宁河流域的生态服务价值,分析了其变化过程。结果表明：近30年,大宁河流域土地利用总的变化趋势是林、灌、草地经历了不断破坏和缓慢恢复的过程,耕地面积经历了先增后减,建设用地不断扩展。经济发展、人口增长和国家政策是土地利用变化的主要原因。生态系统服务功能经历了一个先损害后恢复的过程,表现为生态服务价值从1973年到1995年不断减少,而1995年到2002年连续增加。     

泾河流域枯水复杂性研究

枯水复杂性作为枯水的重要特征,在枯水研究中具有重要的意义。论文以泾河流域张家山水文站1933—2010年的月径流序列为研究对象,基于距平法和均值标准差法对比确定月枯水序列,基于近似熵（ApEn）分析枯水的复杂性。结果表明：1）年径流在0.01水平下呈现极显著的递减趋势,流域1997年以来发生枯水的频率越来越大。张家山水文站月枯水量上界为 9 369.67×10⁴ m³,1、2和12月径流量小于月枯水量上界的月份比例远大于其他月份的比例,故以这3个月的月枯水组成枯水序列;2）枯水序列的ApEn值为1.059 1,与同期整个月径流序列的ApEn值（1.059 7）接近,说明发生于1、2和12月的15个非枯水月份径流对枯水序列的复杂度影响不大;3）月枯水复杂度在0.05水平下呈现显著的波动递增趋势,与月枯水径流呈显著的负相关关系,但与月降水量不显著相关,表明降水不是枯水径流系统的主要输入,降水量的变化对枯水复杂度的变化不起关键作用,而径流惯性可能是引起枯水复杂度变化的重要因素。     

太湖流域稻麦轮作系统实际施氮量及其多重效应——基于农户调研的实证分析

研究运用分层随机抽样法,在常州市武进区开展农户问卷调查,并利用统计软件对问卷信息进行整理和分析,得到主要结论如下:①太湖流域稻麦轮作系统稻季平均施氮量为310.91 kg·hm^-2,麦季平均施氮量为202.18 kg·hm^-2,一年两季作物平均施氮量为513.09 kg·hm^-2,氮肥过量施用现象主要存在于稻季;②施氮肥对水稻和冬小麦都具有较好的增产作用,但是当施氮量达到一定值后,水稻和冬小麦的产量、氮素累积量、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥吸收利用率都出现下降的趋势;③太湖流域稻麦轮作系统土地氮剩余量和面源氮排放量随着施氮量的增加而持续增加,在目前的氮肥施入水平下一年两季作物的氮素流失量约为41.26 kg·hm^-2。     

Long-Term Effects of Changing Land Use Practices on Surface Water Quality in a Coastal River and Lagoonal Estuary

The watershed of the Neuse River, a major tributary of the largest lagoonal estuary on the U.S. mainland, has sustained rapid growth of human and swine populations. This study integrated a decade of available land cover and water quality data to examine relationships between land use changes and surface water quality. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis was used to characterize 26 subbasins throughout the watershed for changes in land use during 1992–2001, considering urban, agricultural (cropland, animal as pasture, and densities of confined animal feed operations [CAFOs]), forested, grassland, and wetland categories and numbers of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). GIS was also used together with longitudinal regression analysis to identify specific land use characteristics that influenced surface water quality. Total phosphorus concentrations were significantly higher during summer in subbasins with high densities of WWTPs and CAFOs. Nitrate was significantly higher during winter in subbasins with high numbers of WWTPs, and organic nitrogen was higher in subbasins with higher agricultural coverage, especially with high coverage of pastures fertilized with animal manure. Ammonium concentrations were elevated after high precipitation. Overall, wastewater discharges in the upper, increasingly urbanized Neuse basin and intensive swine agriculture in the lower basin have been the highest contributors of nitrogen and phosphorus to receiving surface waters. Although nonpoint sources have been emphasized in the eutrophication of rivers and estuaries such as the Neuse, point sources continue to be major nutrient contributors in watersheds sustaining increasing human population growth. The described correlation and regression analyses represent a rapid, reliable method to relate land use patterns to water quality, and they can be adapted to watersheds in any region.     

Water Quality in Drinking Water Reservoirs of a Megacity, Istanbul

Providing clean water at relevant quality and quantity is a challenge that regulatory authorities have to face in metropolitan cities that seem to develop at their limits of sustainability. Istanbul strives to face such a challenge for its population of over 10 million, through six surface water resources. Two approaches of classification for the reservoirs are presented, one based on current regulations and an alternative based on a more detailed classification. The results have shown that nutrient control is the primary issue, and one of the reservoirs has already exceeded the limits of being eutrophic, one is at mesotrophic conditions, and the remaining four are at the limit of being eutrophic, indicating the significance of making the correct decision and taking pertinent measures for management and control. It has been observed that the only mesotrophic resource, which also has the best general quality class, has no industry and a very low population density, whereas the one that is already eutrophic is also the one with the lowest quality class, has the highest population density, and has the greatest percentage of urban land use within its watershed.     

Land use change in California,USA: Nonpoint source water quality impacts

California’s population increased 25% between 1980 and 1990, resulting in rapid and extensive urbanization. Of a total 123,000 ha urbanized in 42 of the state’s 58 counties between 1984 and 1990, an estimated 13% occurred on irrigated prime farmland, and 48% on wildlands or fallow marginal farmlands. Sixty-six percent of all new irrigated farmland put into production between 1984 and 1990 was of lesser quality than the prime farmland taken out of production by urbanization. Factors dictating the agricultural development of marginal farmlands include the availability and price of water and land, agricultural commodity prices, and technical innovations such as drip irrigation systems that impact the feasibility and costs of production. The increasing amount of marginal farmland being put into production could have significant water quality consequences because marginal lands are generally steeper, have more erodible soils, poorer drainage, and require more fertilizer than prime farmlands. Although no data exist to test our hypothesis, and numerous variables preclude definitive predictions, the evidence suggests that new irrigated marginal lands can increase nonpoint source (NPS) pollution for a given size area by an order of magnitude in some cases.     

不完备信息条件下流域环境系统规划方法研究

开发了一套新的流域环境系统规划方法,该方法将不确定性模型多目标规划模型与系统动力学模型有机地集成在一起,构成一个完整的体系,ＩＦＭＯＰ充分考虑到了流域环境规划所面临的信息不完备问题,将不确定性信息直接引入优化过程。从而得到以区间数表示的不确定性优化解。     

鄱阳湖流域经济发展与氮、磷减排调控关系的均衡分析

以鄱阳湖流域为研究对象,构建了区域经济发展与氮、磷减排调控多区域均衡分析模型,基于我国2002年投入产出表,并结合贸易、人口等统计数据,采用中国省际贸易矩阵,探讨了江西省不同产业实施的氮、磷减排策略对各地区经济发展的影响.结果表明,江西省部分氮、磷高排放部门实施的减排调控对全国其他省经济的影响相对较小.环境科研与管理投入在鄱阳湖流域氮、磷营养盐减排中处于重要位置.     

新乡市水环境生态补偿机制及其实施效果初探

基于水环境污染防治和水资源保护的迫切需求,新乡市自2009年起实施了水环境生态补偿机制,对各县界责任目标断面超标扣款,加强了地方政府的治污意识。本文介绍了新乡市河流断面设置情况及生态补偿政策的由来,运用对比分析法和实地调研法客观地对水环境生态补偿政策实施后取得的成效和存在的主要问题进行了分析评价,对进一步健全完善水环境生态补偿机制提出了6条建议。