Importance of conserving large and old trees to continuity of tree-related microhabitats

Protecting structural features, such as tree-related microhabitats (TreMs), is a cost-effective tool crucial for biodiversity conservation applicable to large forested landscapes. Although the development of TreMs is influenced by tree diameter, species, and vitality, the relationships between tree age and TreM profile remain poorly understood. Using a tree-ring-based approach and a large data set of 8038 trees, we modeled the effects of tree age, diameter, and site characteristics on TreM richness and occurrence across some of the most intact primary temperate forests in Europe, including mixed beech and spruce forests. We observed an overall increase in TreM richness on old and large trees in both forest types. The occurrence of specific TreM groups was variably related to tree age and diameter, but some TreM groups (e.g., epiphytes) had a stronger positive relationship with tree species and elevation. Although many TreM groups were positively associated with tree age and diameter, only two TreM groups in spruce stands reacted exclusively to tree age (insect galleries and exposed sapwood) without responding to diameter. Thus, the retention of trees for conservation purposes based on tree diameter appears to be a generally feasible approach with a rather low risk of underrepresentation of TreMs. Because greater tree age and diameter positively affected TreM development, placing a greater emphasis on conserving large trees and allowing them to reach older ages, for example, through the establishment of conservation reserves, would better maintain the continuity of TreM resource and associated biodiversity. However, this approach may be difficult due to the widespread intensification of forest management and global climate change.     

天山东部雪冰中硝酸根浓度对中亚生物质燃烧的响应研究

研究了天山东部雪冰中NO3-浓度对中亚哈萨克斯坦生物质燃烧的响应情况.在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川持续采集了52组表层雪与雪坑样本,分析了雪样中NO3-等成分的浓度,运用HYSPLIT模型模拟了空气轨迹,目的是考察雪冰中NO3-与2002年哈萨克斯坦草原大火的关系,探讨由生物质燃烧产生的NO3-在高海拔山岳冰川雪层中的沉...     

天山北坡城市群碳储量时空变化及预测研究

为了有效评估城市群碳储量变化,以天山北坡城市群为研究对象,运用PLUS模型和InVEST模型,动态评估2000～2020年及2030年不同情景下土地利用变化及碳储量变化特征.结果表明,2000～2020年天山北坡城市群碳储量呈现持续增加趋势,且碳储量变化与土地利用变化密切相关,主要表现为2000～2010年林地面积的减少导致其碳储量减少约266×106t,2010～2020年草地面积的增加使其碳储量增加约69.14×10⁶t.2030年自然发展情景、生态保护情景和经济快速发展情景下碳储量预测值分别为8875.88×10⁶t、8895.58×10⁶t和8841.58×10⁶t;经济快速发展情景下碳储量最低,生态保护情景下碳储量最高.土地利用是影响碳储量空间变化分布的第一主导因素,贡献率接近于90%,土地利用强度与碳储量协调性分析与两者双变量空间自相关分析进一步验证了这一结论.土地利用变化在一定程度上能够对碳储量产生积极影响,对于本研究区而言,生态保护发展情景可能更符合未来城市发展模式,研究结果能够为土...     

Lake variability: key factors controlling mercury concentrations in New York State fish

A 4year study surveyed 131 lakes across New York State beginning in 2003 to improve our understanding of mercury and gather information from previously untested waters. Our study focused on largemouth and smallmouth bass, walleye and yellow perch, common piscivorous fish shown to accumulate high mercury concentrations and species important to local fisheries. Fish from Adirondack and Catskill Forest Preserve lakes generally had higher mercury concentrations than those from lakes in other areas of the state. Variability between nearby individual lakes was observed, and could be due to differences in water chemistry, lake productivity or the abundance of wetlands in the watershed. We found the following factors impact mercury bioaccumulation: fish length, lake pH, specific conductivity, chlorophyll a, mercury concentration in the water, presence of an outlet dam and amount of contiguous wetlands.     

The influence of south Foehn on the ozone distribution in the Alpine Rhine valley—results from the MAP field phase

During the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) special observation period (SOP) between 7 September and 15 November 1999, ground-based and airborne measurements have been conducted in the Rhine valley south of the Lake of Constance to investigate the unstationary aspects of Foehn and related phenomena, like the impact of Foehn on the ozone concentrations in the valley. Foehn events occurred with above-average frequency and high diversity. Foehn induced ozone peaks in October and November are found to be much lower than the September Foehn case of the period. An inversion layer in the lake area with ozone concentrations below 10 ppb often shields the monitoring stations from the Foehn air aloft. Trajectory calculations for the Foehn period between 19 and 24 October 1999 reveal that the Foehn air originated from below 1 to 1.5 km above the Po Basin and the Mediterranean Sea. Tethered balloon soundings in the source area south of the Alps, ozone measurements at the mountain station Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.) and airborne measurements across the Alpine crests reveal that the ozone levels found in the Foehn air correspond to the concentrations just above the mixing height in the Po Basin and are transported across the Alpine crest within the lowest flow layer.     

秦岭油松林不同坡位土壤CO2、CH4、N2O通量研究

在秦岭南坡火地塘林区天然次生油松林内选取上、中、下3个坡位,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对土壤CO_2、CH_4、N_2O通量进行了1年的监测.结果表明,坡位间土壤质地和水分的差别是引起不同坡位CO_2与N_2O通量差异的主要原因:下坡位土质为壤土,水分适宜,CO_2平均排放量为(156.49±9.72)mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),CH_4平均吸收量为(77.43±14.27)μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),都处于3个坡位间最高水平;中坡位土质为粉砂壤土,土壤粒径小,透气性差,CO_2排放量和CH_4吸收量均为3个坡位间的最小值,N_2O平均排放量为(9.57±0.66)μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),为3个坡位间的最高值,且显著高于上坡位土壤N_2O通量(p0.01);上坡位土质为砂壤土,土壤孔隙度大且地表植被少,N_2O平均排放量为(5.59±0.74)μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),为3个坡位间的最小值.总体来说,油松林土壤是CO_2、N_2O的排放源,是CH_4的吸收汇.3个坡位CO_2年通量具有明显的季节规律,表现为倒"S"形变化,且与土壤温度显著正相关(p0.01).受冻融循环的影响,N_2O主要在非生长季大量排放;生长季末期,受降雨事件影响,油松林中坡位出现N_2O吸收峰值.生长季上、下坡位CH_4吸收峰值的出现同样伴随着降雨事件的发生,非生长季,中坡位因土壤水分过高而出现短暂的CH_4排放现象.不同坡位土壤温室气体的全球增温潜势(Global Warming Potential,GWP)从大到小依次是上坡位、下坡位和中坡位.     

基于MODIS的内蒙古气溶胶时空分布特征分析

通过对2002—2018年采用融合算法反演的MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据进行分析,研究了内蒙古气溶胶的时空分布特征.结果表明,内蒙古AOD值在东北部地区最高,其次为工业发达的中西部地区,最低值出现在大兴安岭及其山脉上空.全年AOD峰值出现在4月和6月,4月峰值主要受沙尘影响,6月峰值受季节雨带位移带来的湿度变化影响.中部气溶胶成分以沙尘气溶胶为主,而中西部和东北部气溶胶成分中存在大量人为源气溶胶.风场和相对湿度场与AOD值的年代际变化有关.     

AN ELEVATIONAL CONTROL OF PEAK SNOWPACK VARIABILITY1

ABSTRACT: The records of the seasonal peaks in snow accumulation on 24 snow courses show that the relative variability (measured by the coefficient of variation) is inversely related to elevation in the San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado. Analysis on an annual basis shows that this is due to a tendency for the peak snowpack at high elevations to be closer to the long-term mean while that at low levels is further from the normal. This is true in both above-normal and below-normal accumulation seasons. Extrapolation of 20 annual elevation-accumulation trends suggests that mean accumulation is reached at 4107 ± 186 m elevation. This is approximately the height of the topographic harrier of the San Juan Mountains suggesting that the pattern of variability is a partial function of an atmospheric-topographic interaction.     

横断山区干旱河谷气候变化趋势研究

利用横断山区干旱河谷内20个典型气象台站的长时序逐月气温、降水、相对湿度、日照时间、极端最高气温和极端最低气温等数据,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall趋势检验以及集中度和集中期等分析方法,研究了横断山区干旱河谷的气候变化趋势.结果表明：（1）全球变化背景下,横断山区干旱河谷平均气温总体呈现升高趋势,升幅为0.11℃·（10 a）-1,较整个横断山区的0.15℃·（10 a）-1略低,冬季升温幅度高于其他季节;（2）金沙江下游的元谋、东川和巧家段河谷呈现持续降温趋势,特别是春季降温较为明显;（3）横断山区干旱河谷降水量呈微弱减少趋势,为-1.48 mm·（10 a）-1,这主要是由于夏季降水减少量超过其他季节降水增加量所致;（4）多数河谷站点年降水量的集中度呈微弱下降趋势,而集中期则有所提前,但不明显;（5）干旱河谷相对湿度和日照时间在近几十年间均呈现减少趋势,相对湿度每10 a约减少0.16百分点,而日照时间则平均每10a减少24.26 h.     

西藏米拉山高寒草甸土壤微生物DNA提取及宏基因组Fosmid文库构建

青藏高原土壤中富含特殊的微生物资源,因大多数未能得到培养而无法利用.提取微生物总DNA及构建宏基因组文库的方法是研究未培养微生物的重要方法(免培养法).两藏米拉山高寒草甸土壤中腐植酸、有机质含量非常高,DNA提取非常困难,本研究表明卣接法提取该样品的DNA片段小,杂质含量高,不能满足构建大插入片段文库的要求;结合低速离心和Nycodenz密度梯度离心先分离出微生物细胞的间接法虽然DNA产率降低,但是纯度高,片段长,多样性丰富,更适合于构建大插入片段文库.在间接法提取高质量西藏高寒草甸土壤微生物DNA的基础上,成功构建了一个包含30 624个克隆、库容量超过1 Gb、稳定性好的宏基因组Fosmid文库,为从西藏高原土壤中挖掘和利用新的功能基因研究奠定了基础.图7表3参27