颗粒物微界面吸附模型的分形修正--朗格缪尔(Langmuir)、弗伦德利希(Freundlich)和表面络合模型

运用分形理论修正了颗粒物微界面吸附模型,建立了朗格缪尔(Langmuir)、弗伦德利希(Freundlich)和表面络合模型的分形吸附等温线方程式．其中,朗格缪尔(Langmuir)吸附等温线的分形表达式为：Γ=ΓmCc^1/m／(b^m Cc^1/m),指数m与颗粒物表面分维Ds的关系如下：m∝ac^D/2-1∝ro^Do-2;表面络合模型的分形表达式为：Γ=ΓmCs^(n/x)/(b^(n/x) Cs^(n/x)),而且lgb=lg(ks／kb) pH,指数x／n与颗粒物表面分维Ds的关系如下：x／n∝0^D/2-1∝r0^D-2;相应的弗伦德利希(Freundlich)吸附等温线的分形形式分别为：Γ=(Γm／bm)Cs^1/n,Γ=(Γm／b^(x/n))Cr^(n/x),通过对献中的数据的模拟初步讨论了分形模型的适用性,结果表明,它们具有更接近于实际的描述微界面吸附过程的能力,通过lg(x／n)=lgk’ (Dn-2)lgro计算出土壤颗粒和尾矿砂颗粒的表面分形维数分别为2．42和2．72。     

碱和磁复合改性小麦秸秆生物炭对水体中镉的吸附特性及机制

通过对小麦秸秆生物炭(BC)进行碱和磁复合改性得到改性小麦秸秆生物炭(FKC),在SEM-EDS、 BET、 FT-IR、 XRD和VSM等表征的基础上,研究了FKC对水中Cd~(2+)的吸附特性及温度、pH值和投加量等对吸附特性的影响,探讨了碱和磁复合改性提高小麦秸秆生物炭吸附Cd~(2+)性能的机制.结果表明,与BC相比,KFC结构疏松多孔,表面积增加了19.11倍,O—H、■等芳香族和含氧官能团数量增多,并且出现新的官能团Fe—O. FKC具有磁性,其磁化强度为8.43 emu·g~(-1),能够回收重复使用. FKC对Cd~(2+)的吸附更符合准二级动力学和Langmuir等温吸附模型,表明其主要以化学吸附为主,FKC的理论最大平衡吸附量为23.44mg·g~(-1),是BC的1.47倍. FKC对Cd~(2+)的吸附是自发的吸热过程.在pH为2～8范围内,随pH的升高FKC的吸附能力逐渐提高.生物炭的投加量为10 g·L~(-1)较好.经3次"吸附-解吸-再吸附"循环后,FKC对Cd~(2+)的吸附量仍达到17.71mg·g~(-1),表明其有良好的重复利用性.该研究结果可为碱和磁复合改性小麦秸杆生物炭应用于Cd污染废水处理提供理论指导.     

改性生物炭材料对稻田原状和外源镉污染土钝化效应

为研究改性处理后的生物炭对镉污染土壤钝化效应,以油菜秸秆制备的生物炭(BC)为原材料,通过不同处理(HNO_3氧化、NaOH碱化、KMnO_4浸渍、FeCl_3浸渍)制备改性炭材料,在室内连续培养试验中,分析了其对原土/外源镉污染土壤的钝化效应.结果表明,原炭及改性生物炭均降低了原状土壤有效态镉含量,其中Na OH和KMnO_4改性的炭材料钝化作用超过50%;在外源污染土壤中,NaOH、KMnO_4、FeCl_3改性炭材料均降低了土壤有效态镉含量,以添加10%的BC-KMnO_4较佳,降低作用超30%,HNO3改性炭却活化了3.8%~24.5%的土壤有效态镉.10%BC-KMnO_4显著降低原状土壤中可交换态镉含量达65.1%,而BC-HNO_3在外源污染土壤中活化可交换态镉含量高达20.2%.原炭及改性生物炭均增加了土壤中有机碳、盐基离子含量;原炭及NaOH、KMnO_4改性生物炭提高了土壤pH,HNO_3改性炭则降低了土壤p H;原状土中有效态镉含量与pH、交换性钠离子含量呈显著负相关,外源镉污染土中有效态镉含量则与pH、有机碳、交换性镁、钾、钠离子含量呈显著负相关.KMnO_4改性生物炭显著提高土壤pH,增加土壤有机碳和盐基离子含量,降低土壤镉活性形态含量,可作为优选的原位钝化修复材料,而HNO_3改性生物炭显著降低了土壤pH,提高了土壤有效态和可交换态镉含量,具有促进土壤镉生物有效性的风险.     

杯[4]芳烃修饰Amberlite XAD-4树脂去除水中双氯芬酸

通过偶氮化反应将合成的去叔丁基杯[4]芳烃连接到Amberlite XAD-4树脂上,并且采用FTIR、SEM和TG/DTA法表征了杯[4]芳烃修饰Amberlite XAD-4树脂的结构.结果表明,水溶液中杯[4]芳烃修饰Amberlite XAD-4树脂对双氯芬酸的去除率远大于单独Amberlite XAD-4树脂和杯[4]芳烃.双氯芬酸的浓度为20mg/L时,随着杯[4]芳烃修饰AmberliteXAD-4树脂投加量的增加,双氯芬酸的去除率增加很快.当吸附剂量增加到80mg/L时,双氯芬酸的去除率为92.8%,并且达到吸附平衡,吸附的双氯芬酸量为34.02mg/g. Langmuir和Freundlich等温线与实验数据均有很好的拟合度.对热力学参数的计算表明,△H与△G负值显示出反应的放热和自发过程.     

Beijing Tong Ren Tang Company Limited Scientific Research Institute, Beijing 100011, China

By dynamic method under UV irradiation,commercial melt-blown polypropylene(PPMB)filter element was modified with acrylamide(AAm)using benzophenone(BP)as initiator.Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope verified that polyacrylamide chain was grafted on the fiber surface of PPMB filter element.Elemental content analysis with energy dispersive X-ray of fibers revealed that the polymerization content in the inner part of filter element was relatively higher than that in the outer.Degree of grafting changed with initiator concentration,monomer concentration,reaction temperature and reached 2.6% at the reaction condition:C_(BP)=0.06 mol/L,C_(AAm)=2.0 mol/L,irradiation time:80 min,temperature: 60℃.Relative water flux altered with the hydrophilicity and pore size of filter element.In the antifouling test,the modified filter gave greater flux recovery(approximately 70%)after filtration of the water extract of Liuweidihuang,suggesting that the fouling layer was more easily reversible due to the hydrophilic nature of the modified filter.     

金属负载活性炭的亚甲基蓝/单宁酸吸附性能

考察了亚甲基蓝和单宁酸在金属负载活性炭表面的吸附行为,并用Langmuir与Freundlich方程对等温吸附线进行拟合。结果表明,亚甲基蓝在活性炭表面倾向于多分子层吸附,而单宁酸则倾向于单分子层吸附;金属负载降低了活性炭对有机污染物的饱和吸附容量,但新建的金属氧化物活性中心可促进单宁酸在低浓度下的吸附。金属负载改性是饮用水深度处理中活性炭滤料改性的重要方向。     

两亲性壳聚糖制备优化及其气浮除藻研究

对壳聚糖（CTS）进行了两亲改性,通过响应曲面实验对比各因素对取代度影响的显著程度且优选出最佳的制备条件,并采用3种两亲性CTS进行了表面改性气浮（PosiDAF）除藻实验,对比了不同条件下的除藻效果且探究除藻机理.结果表明,两亲性CTS水溶性增强,但热稳定性降低;对响应值影响的显著程度为：碳链长度>反应时间>反应温度>原料投加比;以丁基N-2羟丙基三甲基壳聚糖氯化铵（C4-HTCC）为改性剂,投加量为1.0mg/L时改性气浮除藻效果最佳,可达93.47%,源于其改性的微气泡具有较强的静电吸引作用.     

Performances of biological aerated filter employing hollow fiber membrane segments of surface-improved poly （sulfone） as biofilm carriers

Using the surface of poly （sulfone） hollow fiber membrane segments as grafted layer, the hydrophilic acrylamide chain was grafted on by UV-photoinduced grafting polymerization. The gained improvement of surface wettability for the modified membrane was tested by measuring the contact-angle as well as FTIR spectra. Then correlation between the hydrophilic ability of support material and the biofilm adherence ability was demonstrated by comparing the pollutant removal rates from urban wastewater via two identical lab-scale up-flow biological aerated filters, one employed the surface wettability modified poly （sulfone） hollow fiber membrane segment as biofilm carder and the other employed unmodified membrane segment as biofilm carder. The experimental results showed that under the conditions of influent flux 5 L/h, hydraulic retention time 9 h and gas to liquid ratio （G/L） 10： 1, the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand （COD） and ammonium nitrogen （NH4^＋-N） for the modified packing filter and the unmodified packing filter was averaged at 83.64% and 96.25%, respectively, with the former filter being 5%-20% more than the latter. The effluent concentration of COD, NH4^＋-N and turbidity for the modified packing filter was 25.25 mg/L, 2 mg/L and 8 NTU, respectively. Moreover, the ammonium nitrogen removal performance of the filter packing the modified PSF was compared with the other bioreactor packing of an efficient floating medium. The biomass test indicated that the modified membrane matrixes provided better specific adhesion （3310-5653 mg TSS/L support）, which gave a mean of 1000 mg TSS/L more than the unmodified membrane did. In addition, the phenomenon of simultaneous denitrification on the inner surface of the support and nitrification on the outer surface was found in this work.     

Cu2+和Pb2+在BS-12两性修饰膨润土上的吸附及其交互作用

两性表面修饰可以同时提高黏土矿物对有机物、重金属的吸附性能,研究两性修饰土对多种重金属共存条件下的吸附及交互作用对于其应用具有实际意义.采用红外光谱(FTIR)对膨润土(CK)和150BS-12修饰土(150BS-12)吸附金属离子前后进行表征,通过批处理法研究不同比例BS-12修饰膨润土对Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)在单一及Cu-Pb复合体系中的平衡吸附特征和差异,并探讨金属离子在修饰土样上的交互作用机制.结果表明,供试土样在单一及复合体系中对Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的吸附量均呈150BS-12 100BS-12 50BS-12 CK的顺序,吸附均符合Freundlich和Langmuir模型; BS-12修饰更有利于Cu~(2+)的吸附,但Pb~(2+)在BS-12修饰土样上的吸附量及选择性系数均大于Cu~(2+); Cu-Pb复合体系中,两种金属离子存在相互拮抗的作用,BS-12修饰在减弱Pb~(2+)对Cu~(2+)的拮抗作用的同时增强了Cu~(2+)对Pb~(2+)的拮抗作用,但Pb~(2+)对Cu~(2+)的拮抗作用仍大于Cu~(2+)对Pb~(2+)的拮抗作用;温度升高、p H升高和离子强度降低均能增加对Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的吸附,但其对两种金属离子的影响程度不同,也导致对金属离子间的交互作用产生影响.     

改性活性炭纤维对甲醛吸附性能的研究

对室内甲醛的来源和污染现状进行了初步分析,指出甲醛严重危害人类健康。分别用HNO_3、NH_3—NH_4Cl、H_2O_2对活性炭纤维进行表面改性,动态吸附试验发现用H_2O_2改性后对甲醛的吸附效果最佳,并用日立(HITACHI)X-650型扫描电子显微镜(SEM,Scanning Electron Microscope)进行了显微结构分析。结果表明活性炭纤维特别是改性活性炭纤维治理含甲醛的空气具有良好的应用前景。