假单孢菌碱性木聚糖酶分子活性部位的研究

应用多种化学修饰剂对假单孢菌G6－2产生的碱性木聚糖酶A（XynA)进行了修饰。结果表明，作用于色氨酸和谷氨酸（和／或天冬氨酸（的试剂NBS（N－Bromosuccinimide)和WRK（N－Ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium-3-sulfonate)可分别使酶活明显降低，百作用与丝氨酸，精氨酸，酪氨酸的试剂对酶活无明显影响。XynA的化学修饰动力学分析表明，每个酶分子中有1个色氨酸残基和1个谷氨酸（或天冬氨酸）残基对酶的活性特别重要。NBS的滴定结果表明，木聚糖的加入使可使1个色氨酸残基被保护，木聚糖对NBS的荧光猝来有22％的保护作用。0．2％的燕麦木聚糖可可阻止NBS树XynA的修饰作用；而即使2％的木聚糖也不能阻止WRK的灭活作用，NBS可使XynA的Km增大4倍，而RK可使其Vmax降低三分之二。这些结果表明，色氨酸和谷氨酸（或天冬氨酸（残基位于XynA的活性部位，且前者位于XynA的底物结合中心，后者位于酶的催化中心；图6表1参14     

生物质吸附剂的研究现状——木质素

木质素是自然界中数量仅次于纤维素的可再生资源,每年由造纸工业排放的木质素数量也相当巨大。木质素具有丰富的官能团,是复杂的芳香族聚合物,如何资源化利用低成本原料——木质素是一个值得研究的课题。主要介绍木质素作为吸附剂的研究状况,其中包括木质素改性前后的吸附性能,并探讨了木质素基吸附剂的发展趋势。     

纳米TiO_2在环境应用方面的研究进展

纳米TiO2具有很强的光催化活性,在环境保护领域有广阔的应用前景。文章综述了纳米TiO2的制备方法和纳米TiO2改性的研究进展以及在环境保护中的应用,并提出今后的研究方向。     

一种改性柱撑蒙脱石的制备及其对废水中SO_4~(2-)吸附效率研究

蒙脱石具有较大的比表面积和阳离子交换容量,吸附性能较好。但其不能有效地吸附疏水性物质,应用中常将一些聚合羟基金属阳离子引入到蒙脱石层间制成柱撑蒙脱石以提高其孔道特性和热稳定性。为了进一步提高其吸附效率,在柱撑蒙脱石中加入了物料A,高温焙烧,对其进行了一系列的改性,并确定了改性条件,制备了一种新型的SO42-高效吸附剂,并应用于煤矿矿井废水的治理,改性后的吸附剂较柱撑蒙脱石对水中SO42-的吸附率提高了54.6%。最佳焙烧温度为800℃,焙烧时间为4 h,焙烧的最佳物料配比为1:4。     

Investigating the influence on safety of retrofitting Italian motorways with barriers meeting a new EU standard

Objective: A new European Union (EU) regulation for safety barriers, which is based on performance, has encouraged road agencies to perform an upgrade of old barriers, with the expectation that there will be safety benefits at the retrofitted sites. The new class of barriers was designed and installed in compliance with the 1998 (European Norm) EN 1317 standards for road restraint systems, which lays down common requirements for the testing and certification of road restraint systems in all countries of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Both the older and new barriers are made of steel and are installed in such a way as to avoid vehicle intrusion, but the older ones are thought to be only effective at low speeds and large angles of impact. The new standard seeks to remedy this by providing better protection at higher speeds. This article seeks to quantify the effect on the frequency of fatal and injury crashes of retrofitting motorways with barriers meeting the new standards.

Methods: The estimation of the crash modification was carried out by performing an empirical Bayes before–after analysis based on data from the A18 Messina–Catania motorway in Italy. The methodology has the great advantage to account for the regression to the mean effects. Besides, to account for time trend effects and dispersion of crash data, a modified calibration methodology of safety performance was used.

Results: This study, based on data collected on 76 km of motorway in the period 2000–2012, derived Crash Modification Factor point estimates that indicate reductions of 72% for run-off-road fatal and injury crashes and 38% in total fatal and injury crashes that could be expected by upgrading an old safety barrier by complying with new EU 1317 standards. The estimated benefit-cost ratio of 5.57 for total crashes indicates that the treatment is cost effective.

Conclusions: The magnitude of this benefit indicates that the retrofits are cost-effective even for total crashes and should continue in any European country inasmuch as the estimated Crash Modification Factors are based on treatment sites that are reasonably representative of all European motorways.     

Fe-Al改性硅藻土的制备及其对土壤Cd污染固定化效果

为了提高硅藻土对土壤镉污染的原位固定化效果,采用羟基Fe-Al对硅藻土进行改性,通过土壤培养实验研究了Fe/Al摩尔比、OH/cation摩尔比、陈化时间、(Fe+Al)/硅藻土比、反应温度、老化时间对土壤镉污染固定化效果的影响,同时采用扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析了改性前后硅藻土理化特征的变化.结果表明,改性硅藻土最佳制备工艺条件为Fe/Al摩尔比1∶8、OH/cation摩尔比2.0~2.2、陈化时间2 d、(Fe+Al)/硅藻土比10 mmol·g-1、反应温度60℃、老化时间2 d.改性硅藻土显著降低了土壤中可交换态镉的含量,硅藻土改性前后对交换态Cd含量的降低率由11.83%提升到39.52%.SEM与FTIR分析表明,通过改性增加了硅藻土的比表面积和Si—O—H基团,并且羟基铁铝被成功置入硅藻壳体内部,形成了有效柱体,增大了孔道间距,增强了硅藻土的表面活性.因此,羟基铁铝改性能有效地促进硅藻土对土壤镉的固定效果.提供的改性方法和实验结果,为硅藻土固定土壤重金属提供了新的技术手段和理论依据.     

废轮胎热解炭黑制备活性炭及处理染料废水

分别采用H₂SO₄和NaOH对废轮胎热解炭黑进行改性处理,考察炭黑与改性剂固液比对染料废水脱色率的影响.实验结果表明,炭黑与H₂SO₄固液比1g/15mL时得到HBC（酸改性活性炭）处理酸性湖蓝溶液,脱色率最高;炭黑与NaOH固液比1g/10mL时得到NBC（碱改性活性炭）处理碱性湖蓝溶液,脱色效果最好.溶液的酸性越强,越有利于HBC对酸性湖蓝溶液的脱色效果;而溶液的碱性增大,有助于提高NBC对碱性湖蓝的脱色率.此外,HBC对酸性湖蓝与NBC对碱性湖蓝的吸附反应变化趋势非常接近,整个吸附反应迅速,20min后基本达到吸附反应平衡.HBC吸附酸性湖蓝和NBC吸附碱性湖蓝的过程均符合准二级动力学方程.对改性前后的固体物质进行了扫描电镜,红外光谱及比表面积分析.     

Inhibition of thrombin by functionalized C60 nanoparticles revealed via in vitro assays and in silico studies

The studies on the human toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) are far behind the rapid development of engineered functionalized NPs. Fullerene has been widely used as drug carrier skeleton due to its reported low risk. However, different from other kinds of NPs, fullerene-based NPs (C₆₀ NPs) have been found to have an anticoagulation effect, although the potential target is still unknown. In the study, both experimental and computational methods were adopted to gain mechanistic insight into the modulation of thrombin activity by nine kinds of C₆₀ NPs with diverse surface chemistry properties. In vitro enzyme activity assays showed that all tested surface-modified C₆₀ NPs exhibited thrombin inhibition ability. Kinetic studies coupled with competitive testing using 3 known inhibitors indicated that six of the C₆₀ NPs, of greater hydrophobicity and hydrogen bond (HB) donor acidity or acceptor basicity, acted as competitive inhibitors of thrombin by directly interacting with the active site of thrombin. A simple quantitative nanostructure-activity relationship model relating the surface substituent properties to the inhibition potential was then established for the six competitive inhibitors. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the intermolecular HB interactions were important for the specific binding of C₆₀ NPs to the active site canyon, while the additional stability provided by the surface groups through van der Waals interaction also play a key role in the thrombin binding affinity of the NPs. Our results suggest that thrombin is a possible target of the surface-functionalized C₆₀ NPs relevant to their anticoagulation effect.     

Adsorption-oxidation of hydrogen sulfide on Fe/walnut-shell activated carbon surface modified by NH3-plasma

Walnut-shell activated carbon(WSAC) supported ferric oxide was modified by non-thermal plasma(NTP), and the removal efficiency for hydrogen sulfide over Fe/WSAC modified by dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) was significantly promoted. The sample modified for10 min and 6.8 k V output(30 V input voltage) maintained 100% H2 S conversion over a long reaction time of 390 min. The surface properties of adsorbents modified by NTP under different conditions were evaluated by the methods of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) analysis and in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), to help understand the effect of the NTP treatment. NTP treatment enhanced the adsorption capacity of Fe/WSAC, which could due to the formation of micro-pores with sizes of0.4, 0.5 and 0.75 nm. XPS revealed that chemisorbed oxygen changed into lattice oxygen after NTP treatment, and lattice oxygen is beneficial for H2 S oxidation. From the in-situ FTIR result,transformation of the reaction path on Fe/WSAC was observed after NTP modification. The research results indicate that NTP is an effective method to improve the surface properties of the Fe/WSAC catalyst for H2 S adsorption-oxidation.     

Catalytic decomposition performance for O3 and NO2 in humid indoor air on a MnOx/Al2O3 catalyst modified by a cost-effective chemical grafting method

Processes based on non-thermal plasma (NTP) for indoor air treatment inevitably lead to the formation of toxic by-products such as ozone (O₃) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x). Adding a step of heterogeneous catalysis in series with NTP could allow for the decomposition of the by-products. Therefore, different catalysts were developed based on transition metal oxides, such as NiO_x, CoO_x and MnO_x with different weight percentage 1, 5 and 10 wt.%, deposited on a γ-Al₂O₃ support. The O₃ removal efficiency (ORE) and the NO_x removal efficiency (NRE) were very encouraging in dry air: about 65% and 80%, respectively, by using 2 g 5 wt.% MnO_x/Al₂O₃ catalyst under the experimental conditions. However, strongly negative effects of relative humidity (RH) on the catalytic decomposition performance were observed. To overcome this limitation, the catalyst surface was modified to make it hydrophobic using a cost-effective chemical grafting method. This treatment consisted in impregnating the 5 wt.% MnO_x/Al₂O₃ catalyst with different trichloro(alkyl)silanes (TCAS). The effects of different linker lengths and amounts of TCAS for the hydrophobicity and the decomposition performance of surface-modified catalysts under humid conditions were investigated. Our results show that the surface-modified catalyst with the shortest linker and 0.25 mmol/g_cat of modifying agent represents the best catalytic decomposition performance for O₃. Its ORE is 41% at 60% RH, which is twice that of the non-modified catalyst.