Evaluating the cumulative effects of alteration on New England wetlands

In New England, patterns of glacial deposition strongly influence wetland occurrence and function. Many wetlands are associated with permeable deposits and owe their existence to groundwater discharge. Whether developed on deposits of high or low permeability, wetlands are often associated with streams and appear to play an important role in controlling and modifying streamflow. Evidence is cited showing that some wetlands operate to lessen flood peaks, and may have the seasonal effect of increasing spring discharges and depressing low flows. Wetlands overlying permeable deposits may be associated with important aquifers where they can produce slight modifications in water quality and head distribution within the aquifer. Impacts to wetlands undoubtedly will affect these functions, but the precise nature of the effect is difficult to predict. This is especially true of incremental impacts to wetlands, which may, for example, produce a change in streamflow disproportionate to wetland area in the drainage basin, i.e., a nonlinear effect as defined by Preston and Bedford (1988). Additional research is needed before hydrologic function can be reliably correlated with physical properties of wetlands and landscapes.A model is proposed to structure future research and explore relationships between hydrologic function and physical properties of wetlands and landscapes. The model considers (1) the nature of the underlying deposits (geologic type), (2) location in the drainage basin (topographic position), (3) relationship to the principal zone of saturation (hydrologic position), and (4) hydrologic character of the organic deposit.     

Natural and Artificial Functionalized Biopolyesters. II. Medium-Chain Length Polyhydroxyoctanoates from Pseudomonas Strains

Sixteen Pseudomonas strains have been tested with a view to developing medium-chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates. Four strains were selected and it is shown that their ability for producing three different polyesters with variable properties was dependent on the strains and substrates. Otherwise, Pseudomonas oleovorans was grown on a mixture of sodium octanoate and undecenoate salts at a 90/10 mol/mol ratio. The corresponding copolymer, bearing lateral double bonds, was chemically modified in the carboxy group. Finally, the ability to tailor-make functional bacterial polyesters aimed at temporary therapeutic applications is demonstrated.     

液相法芒硝制碱中苛化废渣的利用

研究了用液相法芒硝制碱的苛化废渣制取轻质ＣａＣＯ３的工艺及用轻质ＣａＣＯ３填充母料对聚乙烯进行改性。试验结果表明,本研究所制取的轻质ＣａＣＯ３的质量符合ＧＢ４７９４－８４一级品规格,用其制成母料对低密度聚乙烯填充改性,不仅可消除苛化废渣对环境的污染,降低聚乙烯制品的生产成本,而且可在制品的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和冲击强度降低不多的情况下,提高制品的硬度、弹性模量、热稳定性及耐蠕变性。     

Safety evaluation of cable barriers installation on rural highways in British Columbia

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety effectiveness of cable barrier systems installation on rural highway sections in British Columbia, Canada.

Methods: Data on police-attended serious collisions (injury?+?fatality) on a number of rural highway sections in British Columbia, Canada, were used in the analysis. An empirical Bayes (EB) approach was employed to ensure that the evaluation results were reliable and to account for the regression to the mean artifact. Safety performance functions (SPFs) were developed using data collected at similar sites. For both median cable barrier (MCB) and roadside cable barrier (RCB) sections, the evaluation was undertaken using all serious collisions, truck serious collisions, and off-road serious collisions.

Results: For MCB sections, the evaluation results showed statistically significant reductions of 21.7, 53.8, and 34.8% in all serious collisions, truck serious collisions, and off-road left (ORL) combined with head-on (HO) serious collisions. For RCB sections, statistically significant reductions of 74.7, 100, and 100% were found in all serious collisions, truck serious collisions, and off-road right (ORR) serious collisions, respectively. The impact of the after period on the evaluation results was explored. It was found that the changes in safety become more stable using an after period of 2–5 years.

Conclusions: Cable barriers were successful in reducing the frequency of serious collisions on provincial highways in British Columbia.     

低温等离子体活化接枝以提高热解炭吸附效能的研究

通过等离子体改性和接枝提高热解炭的吸附性能,同时探讨了改性热解炭的延时性和接枝率对于其吸附性能的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜对热解炭、活化热解炭以及活化接枝热解炭的表面结构加以研究。实验结果表明,等离子体改性后的热解炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能有一定提高,但存在延时性问题,接枝丙烯酸后热解炭的吸附性能进一步提高。在等离子体活化后的1.5~2 h,接枝率为10%~15%时,活化接枝热解炭的吸附性能达到最佳。     

酸碱改性活性炭对甲苯的吸附性能研究

活性炭分别经过不同的酸碱处理,采用红外光谱、Boehm滴定和比表面积分析仪对其进行了表征,并测定了改性活性炭对甲苯的吸附性能。结果表明:HNO_3改性会使活性炭表面的酸性基团含量增加,碱性基团含量减少,NaOH和NaHCO_3改性结果则正好相反。吸附实验表明,碱性基团含量增加有利于提高活性炭对甲苯的吸附能力,而酸性基团含量增加则降低了这一能力。     

改性粉煤灰的沉淀与吸附协同作用去除水体中磷研究

以建筑废弃物粉煤灰砖为吸附材料,经硫酸和盐酸改性研究了粉煤灰砖块粉末(fly ash brick powder,简称FABP)对水体中磷的净化效果,并探究了酸改性种类、投加量、接触时间、p H对磷去除率的影响。结果表明:酸改性后的FABP比表面积显著增大,且表面变得粗糙。硫酸改性粉煤灰砖块粉末(sulfuric acid modified fly ash brick powder,简称S-FABP)对水体中磷有良好的去除效果,当投加量为3.0g时磷去除率达到98.5%,且反应初始的5 min内磷的去除率达92.7%。分析S-FABP去除磷的机理为沉淀反应和吸附反应协同作用的结果,在酸性和碱性条件下有不同的沉淀反应发生。根据Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合结果,S-FABP对水中磷的吸附等温模型符合Langmuir模型,理论饱和吸附量为7.69 mg/g。     

基于瓦斯抽采效果的钻孔塑性区范围优化及应用*

为获得最佳瓦斯抽采效果,研究不同钻孔孔径与塑性区范围及抽采效果之间关系,基于弹塑性理论,采用Comsol软件模拟嘉禾矿2254底板巷上穿层钻孔周围煤体塑性区范围分布,修正塑性区半径理论推导公式,得到抽采钻孔混合流量、纯流量和浓度,分析钻孔周围煤体不同塑性区范围下瓦斯抽采效果。结果表明:钻孔孔径越大,塑性区范围越大,抽采钻孔卸压范围越大;若不考虑其他因素,钻孔孔径越大,瓦斯抽采效果越好;通过对比塑性区半径模拟值与计算值,修正塑性区半径公式,该公式适用于浦溪煤矿;随钻孔塑性区范围增加,钻孔瓦斯抽采流量逐渐增加,但瓦斯流量相对钻孔塑性区半径差变化率先增大后减小。研究结果可为提高矿井瓦斯抽采效果提供理论参考。     

碱木素及其改性产物制备重金属吸附剂的研究

从碱法造纸黑液中提取出的木素,在一定条件下,以硫酸铈铵为引发剂,与丙烯酰胺反应制取木素改性产物。用红外光谱对其结构进行表征,并研究了其对重金属离子的吸附性能。结果表明:在25℃下,改性产物对重金属离子Cu2+、Cr6+、Ni2+的吸附容量分别达到了53.9mg/g、47.2mg/g和25.9mg/g,并且对Cu2+、Cr6+、Ni2+的吸附在2.5h内即可达到饱和。     

改性天然沸石去除水中氨氮的研究

分别采用NaCl、KCl和CaCl2对黑龙江省某市天然沸石进行改性,考察了pH值、氨氮初始浓度以及温度对改性沸石交换性能的影响,并对改性沸石的交换动力学进行了研究.结果表明,NaCl和KCl改性对沸石原矿交换容量有不同程度提高,而KCl改性后容量有所降低.pH、NH4 初始浓度以及温度对交换性能有明显影响,pH 6.0附近沸石交换容量最大;NH4 初始浓度越高,反应速度越快,相同初始浓度下,钾型沸石交换速度较快,而沸石原矿交换速度最慢.采用Langmuir型离子交换等温线进行非线性回归的结果显示,低温有利于交换反应的进行.溶液中NH4 在改性沸石上的离子交换反应可采用Vermeulen模型描述,沸石原矿拟合相关系数较差.改性沸石多次再生后,其交换容量均有所降低.