Evaluating the cumulative effects of alteration on New England wetlands

In New England, patterns of glacial deposition strongly influence wetland occurrence and function. Many wetlands are associated with permeable deposits and owe their existence to groundwater discharge. Whether developed on deposits of high or low permeability, wetlands are often associated with streams and appear to play an important role in controlling and modifying streamflow. Evidence is cited showing that some wetlands operate to lessen flood peaks, and may have the seasonal effect of increasing spring discharges and depressing low flows. Wetlands overlying permeable deposits may be associated with important aquifers where they can produce slight modifications in water quality and head distribution within the aquifer. Impacts to wetlands undoubtedly will affect these functions, but the precise nature of the effect is difficult to predict. This is especially true of incremental impacts to wetlands, which may, for example, produce a change in streamflow disproportionate to wetland area in the drainage basin, i.e., a nonlinear effect as defined by Preston and Bedford (1988). Additional research is needed before hydrologic function can be reliably correlated with physical properties of wetlands and landscapes.A model is proposed to structure future research and explore relationships between hydrologic function and physical properties of wetlands and landscapes. The model considers (1) the nature of the underlying deposits (geologic type), (2) location in the drainage basin (topographic position), (3) relationship to the principal zone of saturation (hydrologic position), and (4) hydrologic character of the organic deposit.     

改性天然沸石去除水中氨氮的研究

分别采用NaCl、KCl和CaCl2对黑龙江省某市天然沸石进行改性,考察了pH值、氨氮初始浓度以及温度对改性沸石交换性能的影响,并对改性沸石的交换动力学进行了研究.结果表明,NaCl和KCl改性对沸石原矿交换容量有不同程度提高,而KCl改性后容量有所降低.pH、NH4 初始浓度以及温度对交换性能有明显影响,pH 6.0附近沸石交换容量最大;NH4 初始浓度越高,反应速度越快,相同初始浓度下,钾型沸石交换速度较快,而沸石原矿交换速度最慢.采用Langmuir型离子交换等温线进行非线性回归的结果显示,低温有利于交换反应的进行.溶液中NH4 在改性沸石上的离子交换反应可采用Vermeulen模型描述,沸石原矿拟合相关系数较差.改性沸石多次再生后,其交换容量均有所降低.     

改性活性炭脱硫剂的研究进展

活性炭是一种应用广泛的脱硫剂 ,其脱硫性能取决于它的孔隙结构和表面化学性质。为了提高其对SO2 的吸附效率及催化性能 ,往往需要对活性炭的孔隙结构进行调整或改变其表面化学性质。本文综述了活性炭的改性方法及其特点、改性活性炭脱硫剂的研究现状和进展等方面的概况。     

磷酸改性凹凸棒粘土对Pb^2＋的吸附研究

研究了不同浓度磷酸改性凹凸棒粘土的比表面积、孔结构性质以及其对水中Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附.结果表明,凹凸棒粘土磷酸改性后比表面积明显增大,具有明显的中孔分布;9 mol/L磷酸改性处理的凹凸棒粘土吸附能力最佳,在改性凹凸棒粘土加入量为20～30 g/L,水样pH=5条件下,废水中Pb（Ⅱ）的被吸附率接近99%.     

Microtopographic modification conserves urban wetland water quality by increasing the dissolved oxygen in the wet season

Microtopography affects hydrological processes and forms different microhabitats. Our previous study uncovered that riparian zone microtopography created various microhabitats with different soil environments and runoff-infiltration patterns. However, how riparian microtopography and microtopography within the water area (waterfall and tributary) affects downstream water quality remains unclear. Therefore, water samples were taken almost monthly in both the main stream and the tributary, before and after waterfalls, and near the bottom of three microtopographic types from June 2016 to March 2017. Compared with the dry season, the fact that water quality worsened in the wet season and that there were positive correlations for nitrate (NO₃^?) between water and the corresponding soil samples suggested that the riparian-soil environment affected the adjacent water quality mainly in the wet season. Nevertheless, riparian microtopography did not influence water quality downstream because of the low rainfall frequency and the weak leaching process due to plant interception. In the wet season, both the tributary and the waterfall increased the dissolved oxygen in the water body and, therefore, lowered the risk of eutrophication. The tributary has two pathways for improving the water quality, by increased disturbance and flow velocity, while the waterfall only has the former. However, such effects were not significant in the dry season. We conclude that the application of microtopographic modification is useful in maintaining urban wetland water quality in wet seasons.     

不同改良剂对铅镉污染农田水稻重金属积累和产量影响的比较分析

以无机类土壤改良剂材料海泡石(SEP)、有机类土壤改良剂材料生物炭(BC)作为对比,考察新型交联改性甲壳素(CC)对大田环境下土壤重金属的生物有效性、水稻生长、产量以及吸收累积重金属的影响,为土壤改良剂开发提供新的材料选择,并为该材料培肥改土及合理农用提供依据.选取辽宁凌海市某Pb、Cd污染稻田作为试验地块,于2015~2016年进行田间小区试验,分析试验前(2015年3月)和2016年10月水稻收获后土壤的p H值、土壤中Pb、Cd有效态的变化,比较不同处理对水稻生育性状、产量及水稻根系、茎叶、籽粒各部位吸收Pb、Cd的影响.结果表明,添加167~333 kg·hm~(-2)剂量的CC可使土壤p H值提高0.36~0.45个单位,使得土壤中有效Pb、Cd的含量分别显著(P0.05)下降46.39%~64.01%、29.73%~43.24%.添加167~333 kg·hm~(-2)剂量的CC与CK相比可显著降低水稻各部位中的Pb、Cd含量(P0.05),其中根系中分别降低16.09%~38.14%、21.22%~31.38%,茎叶中分别降低了19.17%~46.92%、25.66%~45.34%,籽粒中分别降低了29.47%~58.25%,44.75%~64.02%,添加333 kg·hm~(-2)剂量的CC可使水稻籽粒中的Pb、Cd含量分别降低到(0.204 1±0.011)mg·kg-1和(0.192 2±0.021)mg·kg-1,低于或接近于GB 2762-2005中大米Pb、Cd的限量值(0.20mg·kg-1).施用167~333 kg·hm~(-2)的CC与CK、SEP处理及BC处理相比,亩产分别增加了33.6~47、27.6~44、8.67~34.77 kg.其中CC-2增产效果最明显,亩增产47 kg,增产率为8.59%.CC对Pb、Cd污染土壤重金属修复及降低水稻体内Pb、Cd含量效果不亚于SEP、BC,对重金属Pb、Cd在土壤-水稻系统的迁移与再分配具有较好的阻控作用,且其增产作用明显,具有较好的保障实现水稻安全生产的潜力,具有一定推广应用价值.     

臭氧-CNT膜改性联用工艺对PVDF中空纤维膜污染进程的缓解

采用碳纳米管(carbon nanotube,CNT)对聚偏氟乙烯(polyvinylidene fluoride,PVDF)中空纤维超滤膜进行改性,结合臭氧预氧化技术,考察了臭氧-CNT膜改性联用工艺对PVDF中空纤维膜污染进程的缓解作用,研究了CNT负载量和臭氧投量对中空纤维膜组件通量变化和抗污染性能的影响.结果表明,CNT负载量为3 g·m-2、臭氧投量(以O3/DOC计)为0.22mg·mg-1时,临界通量下[144 L·(m2·h)-1],膜组件单位面积过水量达到850 L·m-2,相比原始超滤膜过水量提高了4.5倍;低通量[18 L·(m2·h)-1]下运行15d,膜组件单位面积过水量达到3000 L·m-2,相比原膜单位过水量提高近10倍.使用共聚焦激光扫描电镜观测污染膜表面,结果表明,运行压力增长最快的原膜表面污染层内活菌数量最多;臭氧氧化与CNT膜均能够减少膜表面污染层内的微生物总量和活菌数量,从而缓解了运行压力的增长.臭氧氧化后CNT层的存在,进一步减少了膜表面污染层内的活菌数量,同时截留了部分死菌,但截留的死菌与运行压力增长无明显相关性.     

聚离子液体刷接枝改性PVDF膜及其对药物硫酸氢氯吡咯雷分离性能研究

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜为底膜,通过浸渍法使多巴胺(DOPA)在膜表面形成聚多巴胺(PDOPA)层,然后由化学反应固定溴代卤化物,并通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)反应在膜表面接枝聚离子液体刷(PBIVm-Br),以制备聚离子液体刷改性PVDF膜,即PVDF-g-PBIVm-Br膜.结果表明,改性PVDF膜的接触角下降至60°以下且显示出良好的荷正电性.改性膜的药物通量和截留率均大于未改性PVDF膜,分离10 mg·L~(-1)的硫酸氢氯吡咯雷时,改性膜(M4)的药物通量可达27.62 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),截留率为89.03%,通量恢复率为95.32%.经过60 h分离实验后,膜M4对硫酸氢氯吡咯雷溶液的分离通量维持在18.05 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),截留率从89.03%上升到92.19%.以上结果表明,聚离子液体刷改性膜在荷正电有机污染物的分离方面具有一定的应用前景.     

酸碱改性活性炭对甲苯的吸附性能研究

活性炭分别经过不同的酸碱处理,采用红外光谱、Boehm滴定和比表面积分析仪对其进行了表征,并测定了改性活性炭对甲苯的吸附性能。结果表明:HNO_3改性会使活性炭表面的酸性基团含量增加,碱性基团含量减少,NaOH和NaHCO_3改性结果则正好相反。吸附实验表明,碱性基团含量增加有利于提高活性炭对甲苯的吸附能力,而酸性基团含量增加则降低了这一能力。     

低温等离子体活化接枝以提高热解炭吸附效能的研究

通过等离子体改性和接枝提高热解炭的吸附性能,同时探讨了改性热解炭的延时性和接枝率对于其吸附性能的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜对热解炭、活化热解炭以及活化接枝热解炭的表面结构加以研究。实验结果表明,等离子体改性后的热解炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能有一定提高,但存在延时性问题,接枝丙烯酸后热解炭的吸附性能进一步提高。在等离子体活化后的1.5~2 h,接枝率为10%~15%时,活化接枝热解炭的吸附性能达到最佳。