Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜根系多胺含量和抗氧化系统的影响

采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)对盐胁迫下抗盐能力不同的2个黄瓜品种"长春密刺"和"津春2号"幼苗根系生长以及根系中多胺(PAs)含量和抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,外源Spd提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜根系游离态Spd和精胺(Spm)、酸可溶性结合态和酸不溶性结合态腐胺(Put)、Spd和Spm含量,降低了游离态Put含量;同时提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,降低了超氧阴离子(O2(-/.))产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量及电解质渗透率,明显促进了幼苗根系生长;根系中酸不溶性结合态Spd含量与抗氧化酶活性间呈正相关性.表明黄瓜幼苗根系中较高的游离态Spd和Spm、酸可溶性结合态和酸不溶性结合态PAs尤其是酸不溶性结合态Spd含量有利于提高植株抗氧化酶活性,降低O2(-/.)产生速率和膜脂伤害,增强植株抗盐性.     

印染废水污染物在曝气生物滤池中的沿程去除规律

主要研究了曝气生物滤池（BAF）对印染废水中污染物的沿程去除规律。研究表明：BAF对印染废水污染物的去除沿高程有着不同的变化规律：在BAF总高度为300 cm,填料层高度为200 cm,气水比3∶1,停留时间11.8 h,的情况下, BAF对COD的去除主要集中在<160 cm的填料层部分,在总的去除率为63.1%时,此区域去除率可达56.60%;对NH3N的去除主要集中在填料层100～160 cm段,在总NH₃-N去除率为85.09%时,此区域NH₃-N去除率达38.28%。BAF对浊度的去除主要集中在填料层小于100 cm的部分,在总去除率为94.04%,区域去除率达到61.90%。印染废水经过BAF的前100 cm填料层后,pH值由10降至7.6后基本维持不变。     

Ti/BDD/PbO_2复合电极在化学需氧量测定中的应用

以钛基掺硼金刚石为基体,采用电沉积的方法制备了Ti/BDD/PbO2复合电极,并将其用于化学需氧量（COD）的测定。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射谱图（XRD）表征了电极的微观形貌及结构,采用电化学工作站考察了电极对有机物响应特性。实验结果表明,在1.45 V的低电位条件下,线性范围为0.5～175 mg/L,检测限为0.3 mg/L（S/N=3）。采用Ti/BDD/PbO2复合电极测定法和重铬酸钾标准方法对市政污水、食品废水及印染废水的对比结果表明,2种方法的相对误差小于10%,具有良好的一致性。     

生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水

用生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水（简称废水）。实验结果表明,废水处理的水力条件为：以150r／min的转速搅拌30S,再以30r／min的转速搅拌20min;MBFGA1的最佳加入量为15mg／L;废水pH为4．0时,MBFGA1对废水的絮凝处理效果最好;废水温度对浊度、COD去除率有一定的影响,在20～45℃时,废水浊度的去除率始终保持在85％以上;30℃时,COD去除率达到最大值65．0％。     

溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响

文章研究溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化效率的影响。研究结果表明：在一定DO范围内,随着反应器内溶解氧浓度的降低,总氮去除率呈上升趋势,即好氧反硝化效率随溶解氧浓度的降低而提高;在一定MLSS范围内,反应器内混合液污泥浓度越高,出水总氮越低,反硝化现象越明显。     

纳米硫化镉量子点细胞毒性作用机制

为初步探讨硫化镉量子点(CdS QDs)的细胞毒性作用机制,采用MTT毒性实验比较了CdS QDs和常规CdS对仓鼠肺细胞(CHL)的毒性效应以及细胞内外活性氧水平.结果表明,1)在较低暴露浓度(≤20μg·mL-1)时,CdS QDs细胞毒性显著高于常规CdS,而在较高暴露浓度(>20μg·mL-1)时,两者相差不大.2)在较低暴露浓度(≤40μg·mL-1)时,添加N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)可显著降低CdS QDs的细胞毒性,而在较高暴露浓度(>40μg·mL-1)时,添加NAC对CdS QDs的细胞毒性没有明显影响.添加NAC对常规CdS细胞毒性没有显著影响.综合实验结果推测CdS QDs的细胞毒性与暴露剂量有关:在低浓度(<20μg·mL-1)时,主要是活性氧的氧化损伤作用;在中等浓度(20~40μg·mL-1)时,活性氧和Cd2+的释放共同作用;在高浓度(>40μg·mL-1)时,则是Cd2+的释放占主导地位.     

三硝基甲苯的γ-辐照降解实验研究

基于三硝基甲苯(TNT)溶液采用常规处理方法难以降解,采用60Co-γ射线对三硝基甲苯溶液进行辐照降解,研究了吸收剂量、初始浓度、溶液初始pH值、双氧水(H2O2)等因素对辐照降解效果的影响.实验结果表明,60Co-γ射线辐照能够有效地降解三硝基甲苯.三硝基甲苯溶液初始浓度为5—50 mg.L-1,当接受不超过15 kGy剂量时,三硝基甲苯的降解率可达100%,化学需氧量(COD)去除率可达55%;弱酸性和碱性环境更有利于三硝基甲苯的降解和COD的去除;加入少量H2O2时,三硝基甲苯降解率和COD去除速率均随之增加,但过高的H2O2加入量将会抑制三硝基甲苯的去除,并且加入H2O2的量愈大其抑制作用愈明显.     

CAS工艺与AOE工艺曝气池水质信息场的测量与分析

为了研究曝气池空间内水质的分布及变化规律,采用了YSI6600 V2多参数水质检测仪对成都市三瓦窑污水处理厂的一期工程传统污泥法(CAS)、二期工程缺氧、好氧和内源呼吸(AOE)工艺中的曝气池分别进行了包括DO、NH3-N、NO3--N、pH、氯化物和温度等水质指标的场的检测,通过分析这些数据,揭示了曝气池内部水质变化的规律,并比较了CAS工艺与AOE工艺内水质处理效果的差别。结果表明,(1)溶解氧沿池深方向呈现出一定的分布规律,CAS工艺中随池深增加,溶解氧增加,AOE工艺中随着池深的增加,溶解氧降低;(2)AOE工艺对氨氮在O区的去除率可达97.64%,明显高于CAS工艺的41.76%;(3)沿曝气池长度测量溶解氧空间分布规律,参照理论曲线及依据水质处理要求,调整曝气量的方法具有长期运行经济、水质处理效果好的特点。     

污水低氧脱氮机制及其应用研究进展

阐述了污水低氧脱氮的基本原理,即抑制或去除亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB),同时保留氨氧化菌(AOB),并保持其活性;探讨了污水低氧脱氮实现途径;详细介绍了几种典型的污水低氧脱氮工艺(短程硝化(SHARON)工艺、厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺、好氧反氨化(DEMON)工艺、低氧自养硝化反硝化(OLAND)工艺、甲烷营养型硝化反硝化工艺和亚硝酸盐型完全自养脱氮(CANNON)工艺)的应用研究进展;最后对污水低氧脱氮处理工艺的工程运用进行了展望.