远程氧等离子体灭活大肠杆菌的研究

研究放电等离子体灭活大肠杆菌的效果。采用远程氧等离子体反应器,分别考察探究放电功率、处理时间、氧气流量、远程距离及有机污染物对灭菌效果的影响,并观察灭菌前后大肠杆菌的显微结构。结果表明在100W,60s,40cm3/min条件下,远程氧等离子体的杀菌效果值在距放电区0、20、40cm处分别为3.42、3.38和3.32。有机物浓度升高,灭菌效果急剧下降。结论为氧等离子体在距放电区040cm内均能有效灭活大肠杆菌,但有机污染物影响较大。氧等离子体场中高能粒子的刻蚀作用是导致细菌死亡的主要原因。     

卧龙降水稳定同位素与季风活动的关系

2003-07～2004-07在四川卧龙自然保护区对逐次降水事件进行采样,分析了降水的稳定同位素特征及其与降水量、气温和风向风速等气象参数的关系.结果表明.4～8月降水的过量氘(d-excess)值为(8.4±7.4)‰,降水由东亚季风带来的大洋水汽主导;9～10月降水的d-excess值为(-7.4±12.5)‰,降水由南亚季风带来的经过强烈分馏作用的大洋水汽主导;11月～次年3月降水的d-excess值为(12.5±12.1)‰,降水由本地蒸发水汽以及西风环流带来的内陆蒸发水汽主导.季风期降水的δD和δ18O具降水量效应(r分别为-0.389、-0.380,P＜0.05),次一级是气温影响(P≤0.10).季风期降水的δD、δ18O与南风指数呈显著负相关(r分别为-0.354、-0.390,P＜0.05),表明降水中的稳定同位素比率对水汽来源与运输过程指示性很强,特别是南亚季风的暴发带来了稳定同位素比率和d-excess值都极低的降水.     

生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水

用生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水（简称废水）。实验结果表明,废水处理的水力条件为：以150r／min的转速搅拌30S,再以30r／min的转速搅拌20min;MBFGA1的最佳加入量为15mg／L;废水pH为4．0时,MBFGA1对废水的絮凝处理效果最好;废水温度对浊度、COD去除率有一定的影响,在20～45℃时,废水浊度的去除率始终保持在85％以上;30℃时,COD去除率达到最大值65．0％。     

石油化工工业区区域废水中COD_（Cr）和COD_（Mn）的相关性研究

连续同时监测天津市大港石化发展规划区区域废水中的ＣＯＤＣｒ和ＣＯＤＭｎ,并考查其线性相关性后得出ＣＯＤＣｒ＝４．９６ＣＯＤＭｎ＋１１６．３,相关系数为０．７５０。该回归方程适用于类似石油化工工业区区域废水中ＣＯＤＣｒ和ＣＯＤＭｎ间的换算     

Performance of a water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes） system in the treatment of wastewater from a duck farm and the effects of using water hyacinth as duck feed

Nowadays, intensive breeding of poultry and livestock of large scale has made the treatment of its waste and wastewater an urgent environmental issue, which motivated this study. A wetland of 688 m2 was constructed on an egg duck farm, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was chosen as an aquatic plant for the wetland and used as food for duck production. The objectives of this study were to test the role of water hyacinth in purifying nutrient-rich wastewater and its effects on the ducks’ feed intake, egg laying performance and egg quality. This paper shows that the constructed wetland removed as much as 64.44% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 21.78% of total nitrogen (TN) and 23.02% of total phosphorus (TP). Both dissolved oxygen (DO) and the transparency of the wastewater were remarkably improved, with its transparency 2.5 times higher than that of the untreated wastewater. After the ducks were fed with water hyacinth, the average daily feed intake and the egg-laying ratio in the test group were 5.86% and 9.79% higher, respectively, than in the control group; the di erences were both significant at the 0.01 probability level. The egg weight in the test group was 2.36% higher than in the control group (P < 0.05), but the feed conversion ratios were almost the same. The eggshell thickness and strength were among the egg qualities significantly increased in ducks fed with water hyacinth.We concluded that a water hyacinth system was e ective for purifying wastewater from an intensive duck farm during the water hyacinth growing season, as harvested water hyacinth had an excellent performance as duck feed. We also discussed the limitations of the experiment.     

标准BOD5测定法的"空气净化--稀释水曝气"装置研究

"稀释与接种法"是BOD5的标准测定方法,制备溶解氧接近饱和且不含能干扰生化耗氧过程的物质的稀释水,是该法重要的工作之一.由真空泵带动的"空气净化--稀释水曝气"装置,流程合理、装配容易、调控灵活,可连贯进行空气净化与稀释水曝气,而制取符合质量要求的稀释水.     

人工湿地型微生物燃料电池研究进展述评

湿地型微生物燃料电池(Constructed Wetland-Microbial Fuel Cell,CW-MFC)由人工湿地和微生物燃料电池耦合而成,因其具有丰富的微生物种群和较强的电极催化活性,在水质净化和生物产电领域有着良好的应用前景。从CWMFC反应器结构、电极材料及电极布置、填充材料、湿地植物、微生物和运行参数等几个方面对其研究和应用现状进行述评。总体上,大多数CW-MFC系统的产电效果并不理想,普遍净能量回收率小于0.050(kW·h)/kg COD,但在污染物处理去除方面效果显著,COD去除率基本可以达到80%以上。目前,上流式的垂直流运行模式是最合理且常用的运行模式,颗粒状的石墨或者活性炭与金属集电器的组合则是理想的电极材料,较小电极间距、多电极和扩大阴极的电极布置可有效提高系统产电性能,脱水明矾污泥是最具有研究价值的填料。此外,湿地植物会明显提高CW-MFC产电性能,其影响因素包括根际微生物活性、根际分泌物、根际沉积物、径向泌氧、光合作用;湿地植物和电系统还会促进微生物种群增长从而提高系统性能。CW-MFC中的污染物负荷、HRT(大多为3 d)、运行温度(20~40℃)和pH值(7~9)也是提高系统性能的关键因素。总结了未来CW-MFC所面临的挑战及研究方向,包括如何提高产电效率补充能源消耗、新兴污染物的降解及降解机理的研究,以及与其他工艺的联合应用。     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in activated sludge system under low oxygen concentration

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND), which is more economical compared with the traditional method for nitrogen removal, is studied in this paper. In order to find the suitable conditions of this process, a mixed flow activated sludge system under low oxygen concentration is investigated, and some key control parameters are examined for nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater. The results show that SND is accessible when oxygen concentration is 0.3–0.8 mg/L. The nitrogen removal rate can be obtained up to 66.7% with solids retention time (SRT) of 45 d, C/N value of 10, and F/M ratio of 0.1 g COD/(g MLSS·d). Theoretical analysis indicates that SND is a physical phenomenon and governed by oxygen diffusion in flocs. Translated from Environmental Pollution and Control, 2004, 26(1): 11–13 [译自: 环境污染与防治]     

用自旋捕集技术研究氟化物刺激人多形核白细胞呼吸爆发产生的活性氧自由基

用ESR波谱研究证明,F~-刺激人多形核白细胞(PMN)呼吸爆发产生活性氧自由基(O_2~-和·OH),同时消耗O_2.用DMPO自旋捕集技术表明,在高浓度F~-刺激下PMN产生DMPO-OOH加合物;在低浓度F~-刺激下则产生DMPO-OH;在适中浓度F~-刺激下PMN先产生DMPO-OOH,随浓度降低变为DMPO-OH.用超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的实验确定氧自由基主要来自O_2~-.用CTPO和CrOX的自旋探针测氧法证明,PMN受F~-刺激产生氧自由基时消耗的O_2是细胞外介质中的O_2.     

分光光度法在化学需氧量快速测定中的应用研究

通过实验研究，建立起化学需氧量（ＣＯＤ）分光光度快速测定方法．回流时间由原来的２ｈ缩短为１５ｍｉｎ，并用分光光度法代替碘量法进行测定．该法与标准法相比，具有操作简便、测定快速等优点．该法对实际水样进行没定，测定结果与标准法相比，无显著性差异