古堆泉域岩溶地下水水化学特征及成因

古堆泉为山西省著名岩溶大泉之一,是唯一的中低温温泉,具有悠久的开发观赏历史,凝聚着丰厚的人文积淀.以古堆泉域岩溶地下水为研究对象,通过系统地样品采集与同位素分析,综合运用水化学（Durov图、离子比例、Gibbs图和氢氧同位素）同位素方法分析地下水水化学特征和地下水系统径流特征.古堆泉域岩溶地下水的⁸⁷ Sr/⁸⁶ Sr值在0.709~0.717之间,Mg/（Mg+Ca）值在0.27~0.74之间.通过分析Sr同位素组成和Mg/（Mg+Ca）、1/Sr变化特征,得出古堆泉域岩溶地下水为深部热水与浅部冷水的混合水,中条山南梁泉岩溶水子系统呈现碳酸盐岩地层径流特征,佛岭山-高显海头泉岩溶水子系统和侯马盆地深循环子系统呈现碳酸盐岩地层与火成岩地层径流特征,塔儿山-九原山古堆泉岩溶水子系统呈现碳酸盐岩地层与古老硅铝质岩地层径流特征.通过2014年样品与2021年相同位置取样点的氢氧同位素比对分析,得出古堆泉口水样变化原因是其受三泉水库补给随时间的积累的结果,三泉水库的变化原因是受引黄水的影响.研究区岩溶地下水水化学类型可分为SO₄-Na、SO₄-Ca、HCO₃-Na、HCO₃-Mg、HCO₃-Ca和Cl-Na型.岩溶地下水水化学类型从HCO₃-Ca·Mg→HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg→SO₄·HCO₃-Na·Ca→SO₄·Cl-Na·Ca呈现明显的水化学成分分带.     

中国地表水硝酸盐分布及其来源分析

地表水硝酸盐污染已经受到世界研究者的广泛关注,中国地表水系统硝酸盐污染情况也不容乐观.为了解中国地表水硝酸盐分布、来源和转化机制,本研究系统收集了全国7大地区的71条主要河流硝酸盐数据,分析了地表水硝酸盐的分布及污染情况,并且通过硝酸盐氮氧同位素特征值揭示了不同地区、不同流域水体硝酸盐的主要来源.结果表明,我国7.83%河流硝酸盐质量浓度超过了标准限值（45 mg·L^-1）.牡丹江、海河和长江入海口的硝酸盐质量浓度超过90 mg·L^-1,呈现重度污染现象.中国地表水δ15N-NO₃和δ18O-NO₃特征值范围分别为-23.5‰~26.99‰和-12.7‰~83.5‰.研究表明：东北、华中、华东地区地表水硝酸盐主要来源为生活污水,西北和华北地区地表水硝酸盐主要来源为生活污水、无机化肥和土壤有机质硝化,西南和华南地区地表水硝酸盐主要来源为无机化肥和生活污水.通过相关性分析得到中国地表水硝酸盐质量浓度与常住人口、废水排放量、农用氮肥施用折纯量和人均GDP呈正相关关系.解决污染问题和防止中国地表水进一步污染迫在眉睫,中国政府出台的新的水十条解决了之前的不足,但是控制和修复地表水污染还需要几十年的努力.西北、华北、西南和华南地区不仅要增加城市、县区污水处理厂运行规模,政府还要控制和管理农业化肥的使用量.东北、华中和华东地区需要进一步控制点源污染,减少工业废水和生活污水排放到河流.     

京杭运河常州段氮形态的时空分布特征研究

对京杭运河常州段8个研究点位水体中的氮形态（TN、NH4＋-N、NO2--N和NO3--N）和环境因子（pH、T和DO）进行了连续9个月的动态监测,全面研究了各氮形态的随时间和空间的动态变化规律,并对各氮形态及环境因子进行了相关性分析。常州段水体月平均NH4＋-N变化范围为（0.589±0.351）～（3.148±1.178）mg.L-1,TN变化范围为（3.373±1.379）～（7.373±2.307）mg.L-1,枯水期到丰水期各氮形态整体表现出波动性下降趋势,其中出境断面NH4＋-N下降趋势平稳,NO3--N则是主导出境断面TN含量的主要形态。各点位NH4＋-N的平均浓度范围为（1.202±0.492）～（2.813±1.566）mg.L-1,TN范围为（3.520±0.504）～（8.349±3.679）mg.L-1,各形态氮含量基本呈现出上游段（S）〈新运河（G）〈老运河（L）〈下游（X）的空间分布特征,其中下游段存在一个重要的氮素上升突变段,NO3--N是对TN的贡献率（43.8%～57.4%）最大的无机态氮,其次是NH4＋-N、ON、NO2--N,其中有机氮对TN的贡献率（13.3%）则以老河段最高。NH4＋-N和NO3--N、TN、pH相关系数分别为0.397＊＊、0.932＊＊、0.261＊,与DO相关系数为-0.344＊＊,陆源输入及DO不足是京杭运河常州段氮污染严重的重要原因。     

Influence of Chironomid Larvae on oxygen and nitrogen fluxes across the sediment-water interface (Lake Taihu, China)

The microscale distribution of oxygen,the nitrogen flux and the denitrification rates in sediment inhabited by chironomid larvae(Tanypus chinensis) were measured in eutrophic Lake Taihu,China.The presence of the chironomids in the sediment increased the oxygen diffusional flux from 10.4 ± 1.4 to 12.7 ± 2.5 mmol O 2 /(m 2 ·day).The burrows of the larvae represented "hot spots" and strongly influenced the nitrogen cycles and diagenetic activity in the sediment.The results indicate that the bioturbation effects of Tanypus chinensis chironomid larvae increased the capacity of the sediment as a sink for nitrate and a source for ammonium.Nitrate influx and ammonium outflux were increased 8.8 and 1.7 times,respectively.Under bioturbation,the amount of nitrate consumed was greater than the amount of ammonium released.The total denitrification rate was also enhanced from 0.76 ± 0.34 to 5.50 ± 1.30 mmol N/(m 2 ·day).The net effect was that the bioturbated sediments acted as a net sink for inorganic nitrogen under direct and indirect bioturbation effects compared to the control.     

Determination of the mechanism of photoinduced toxicity of selected metal oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, CuO, Co3O4 and TiO2) to E. coli bacteria

Cytotoxicity of selected metal oxide nanoparticles(MNPs)(ZnO,CuO,Co 3 O 4 and TiO 2)was investigated in Escherichia coli both under light and dark conditions.Cytotoxicity experiments were conducted with spread plate counting and the LC 50 values were calculated.We determined the mechanism of toxicity via measurements of oxidative stress,reduced glutathione,lipid peroxidation,and metal ions.The overall ranking of the LC 50 values was in the order of ZnO < CuO < Co 3 O 4 < TiO 2 under dark condition and ZnO < CuO < TiO 2 < Co 3 O 4 under light condition.ZnO MNPs were the most toxic among the tested nanoparticles.Our results indicate depletion of reduced glutathione level and elevation of malondialdehyde level correlated with the increase in oxidative stress.Released metal ions were found to have partial effect on the toxicity of MNPs to E.coli.In summary,the dynamic interactions of multiple mechanisms lead to the toxicity of the tested MNPs to E.coli.     

单偶氮染料AY17的光催化降解动力学及机制

为了研究水体环境中单偶氮染料酸性黄17(AY17)有效地去除方式及其可能的降解途径、转化和归趋等,实验首先探索了AY17在不同深度氧化体系中降解的可行性,研究发现其去除效率的大小按照UV/H_2O_2UV/Na_2S_2O_8≈UV/FeSO_4·7H_2OUV/KHSO_5UV/TiO_2排列.然后选取UV/TiO_2体系,研究了催化剂用量,反应温度,底物浓度以及溶液初始p H值等因素对其光催化降解动力学的影响,结果表明AY17的光催化降解遵循假一级动力学,其降解速率常数为0.011 2 min~(-1);当催化剂TiO_2用量为3 g·L~(-1)时其降解效果最好;高温有利于AY17的光催化降解,而随着底物浓度和溶液初始p H值的升高,其降解速率常数显著下降.最后利用GC/MS对AY17光催化降解中间产物进行了初步鉴定,研究发现在·OH等活性氧物种的作用下偶氮键的断裂、羟基自由基对芳香环上基团的取代以及吡唑环的裂解是其主要降解途径.     

超低溶解氧条件下的EBPR系统除磷性能

实验采用两个交替厌氧/好氧(An/O)模式运行的SBR反应器,对不同溶解氧(DO)浓度梯度下EBPR系统除磷效果及工艺性能进行了为期127 d的研究.在未控制DO的对照组反应器R1中,好氧段DO≥6 mg·L~(-1),运行的前65 d内工艺除磷性能稳定,除磷率95.9%,出水总磷0.5 mg·L~(-1),但由于系统长期处于过曝气状态,65 d后除磷性能逐渐恶化,直至97 d后系统彻底失效,整个运行阶段(1~127 d)出水总磷一级A达标率为39.4%.对于实验组反应器R2,控制好氧段DO浓度分别为2、1、0.5、0.2、0.1 mg·L~(-1),各工况初期除磷性能均有小幅波动,但除磷率迅速回升,继而反应器达到稳定运行.统计发现,实验组反应器R2在整个运行阶段出水总磷一级A的达标率为94.6%,127 d内仅有6 d不达标,工艺性能远优于R1.DO=2 mg·L~(-1)系统的比吸磷速率接近最大值,而低DO条件对比吸磷速率影响较大.实验还发现,尽管由超低DO(0.1 mg·L~(-1))引起的有机物降解速率低导致系统发生污泥微膨胀,但出水总磷仍能100%达标排放,微好氧EBPR的节能除磷具有可行性.     

钴酸镧基钙钛矿耦合非热等离子体催化转化CO2的实验研究

CO₂的减排与利用是实现碳达峰和碳中和目标的重要途径.本文通过溶胶凝胶法将Sr和Zr掺入钙钛矿型LaCoO₃结构中,合成了一系列钙钛矿催化剂,包括LaCoO₃、La_0.9Sr_0.1CoO_3-σ、La_0.9Sr_0.1Co_0.9Zr_0.1O_3+σ和La_0.9Sr_0.1Co_0.9Zr_0.1O₃,并考察了非热等离子体催化还原CO₂为CO和CH₄的性能.同时在A位掺杂Sr和B位掺杂Zr的催化剂(La_0.9Sr_0.1Co_0.9Zr_0.1O₃)反应活性最高,其CO₂转化率为28.7...     

Reproductive toxicity and underlying mechanisms of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) is an endocrine disruptor commonly found in plastic products that has been associated with reproduction alterations, but the effect of DEHP on toxicity is still widely unknown. Using DEHP concentrations of 10, 1, and 0.1 mg/L, we showed that DEHP reduced the reproductive capacity of Caenorhabditis elegans after 72 hr. of exposure. DEHP exposure reduced the reproductive capacity in terms of decreased brood sizes, egg hatchability (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L), and egg-laying rate (1 and 10 mg/L), and increased numbers of fertilized eggs in the uterus (1 and 10 mg/L). DEHP also caused damage to gonad development. DEHP decreased the total number of germline cells, and decreased the relative area of the gonad arm of all exposure groups, with worms in the 1 mg/L DEHP exposure group having the minimum gonad arm area. Additionally, DEHP caused a significant concentration‐dependent increase in the expression of unc-86. Autophagy and ROS contributed to the enhancement of DEHP toxicity in reducing reproductive capacity, and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were activated as the antioxidant defense in this study. Hence, we found that DEHP has a dual effect on nematodes. Higher concentration (10 mg/L) DEHP can inhibit the expression of autophagy genes (atg-18, atg-7, bec-1, lgg-1 and unc-51), and lower concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg/L) can promote the expression of autophagy genes. Our data highlight the potential environmental risk of DEHP in inducing reproductive toxicity toward the gonad development and reproductive capacity of environmental organisms.     

A critical review on the application of biochar in environmental pollution remediation: Role of persistent free radicals (PFRs)

Biochar as an emerging carbonaceous material has exhibited a great potential in environmental application for its perfect adsorption ability. However, there are abundant persistent free radicals (PFRs) in biochar, so the direct and indirect PFRs-mediated removal of organic and inorganic contaminants by biochar was widely reported. In order to comprehend deeply the formation of PFRs in biochar and their interactions with contaminants, this paper reviews the formation mechanisms of PFRs in biochar and the PFRs-mediated environmental applications of biochar in recent years. Finally, future challenges in this field are also proposed. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding on the emerging applications of biochar from the viewpoint of the catalytic role of PFRs.