污水厂微孔曝气系统工况下充氧性能测试与分析

以无锡芦村污水处理厂四期曝气池为研究背景,采用尾气法测定了微孔曝气头在实际污水厂正常运行工况下的充氧性能参数,与理论清水中该值比较,评价曝气头运行情况.结果表明,在污水处理厂曝气池不同廊道分布的曝气头氧传质性能存在显著差异,同一廊道的曝气头在一天内的氧传质能力变化不大.与清水条件相比,实际工况下曝气池中的微孔曝气头充氧性能下降较大,其中氧传质系数KLa、充氧能力OC和氧利用率Ea分别下降了43%、57%和76%.     

生物滤器处理海水养殖水过程中亚氮积累与影响因素

实验研究了竹环填料曝气生物滤器在处理高盐度、低氨氮负荷的海水养殖水体过程中NO2--N的积累现象,考察了进水有机负荷、NH4+-N负荷、温度、pH值和溶解氧等运行条件以及反硝化作用对NO2--N积累的影响.结果表明,在进水有机负荷为0.65~0.75kg/(m3·d)、NH4+-N负荷为0.058~0.077kg/(m3·d)、温度为20.9~22.2℃、pH值为7.50~8.14和溶解氧为7.43~9.73mg/L条件下,生物滤器内较低的溶解氧(0.91~1.36mg/L)是NO2--N积累的主要原因.同时,研究了反硝化过程中低溶解氧、不同碳氮比(C/N)及碳源类型等因素对NO2--N积累的影响,查明了生物滤器内含氮化合物的浓度变化与反硝化细菌的数量和功能,验证了反硝化过程对NO2--N积累的影响,明确了反硝化作用对NO2--N积累的促进作用.     

用氧吸收速率(OUR)表征活性污泥硝化活性的研究

研究了用氧吸收速率（ＯｘｙｇｅｎＵｐｔａｋｅＲａｔｅ，简称ＯＵＲ）表征活性污泥硝化活性的方法．利用生物抑制剂丙烯基硫脲（ａｌｙｌｔｈｉｏｕｒｅａ，简称ＡＴＵ）和氯酸钠（ＮａＣｌＯ３）可以选择性地抑制亚硝酸细菌和硝酸细菌的活性．通过测量不同时间的ＯＵＲ，可以分别计算出污泥的亚硝化活性和硝化活性．结果表明：该方法的测量结果与实际反应器中的硝化反应情况相当一致．该方法简单易行，快速方便，适用于硝化系统中硝化活性的测量．     

基于氮氧同位素解析不同降雨条件下硝酸盐污染源

随着城市化的进程和人类活动强度的增加,过高的硝酸盐污染负荷对地表水水质安全构成极大威胁.当前针对地表水体的硝酸盐源解析仅强调了来源的季节性变化特征,而鲜见考虑降雨事件对区域污染源组成的影响.本文以扬州市江都区通扬运河为研究对象,利用氮氧同位素技术和基于R语言的稳定同位素模型(stable isotope analysis in R)定量评价了各类型污染源在不同降雨条件下对水体硝酸盐污染的贡献.结果表明:①通扬运河各区段污染物浓度具有很强的空间变异性.ρ(NO3-)和ρ(NH4+)具有相似的空间分布特征,表现为:中游区＞下游区＞上游区,中游区较高的城市化水平带来的人类活动加剧了氮污染的输入.②降雨增加了各河段污染物浓度的不确定性,降雨带来的冲刷和稀释效应总体上增加了水体中的ρ(NO3-)、ρ(NH4+)、ρ(Cl-)和ρ(SO42-).③在无雨和低降雨的条件下,通扬运河水体NO3-主要来源于大气沉降(贡献率为27％～47％)和土壤有机氮(贡献率为21％～29％);在降雨事件影响下,化肥(贡献率为16％～34％)成为了最主要的污染源.降雨造成的污染源变化具有空间差异性,下游区(农业区)化肥和土壤有机氮贡献率的增加较中上游区更加明显.④下游区存在较强的反硝化作用,且低降雨条件下更容易发生硝化和反硝化.     

不同人工湿地系统处理生活污水的比较研究

以华南1号杂交狼尾草、海芋、春砂仁、文殊兰、美人蕉、沿阶草、鸢尾和红草为湿地植物,以煤渣、麻石、陶粒为填料构成几种人工湿地系统,对生活污水进行处理研究。结果表明:当进水COD浓度小于345mg/L时,各系统出水COD浓度均小于60 mg/L(停留时间为6 h),达到GB 18918-2002的一级B标准;当进水TP浓度在4.44~8.17 mg/L之间,NH4+-N浓度在41.3 mg/L以下,TN浓度在66.1 mg/L以下时,各系统出水TP、氨氮、总氮浓度分别小于1,25,20 mg/L(停留时间为12h),均达到GB18918-2002的二级B标准。     

First flush of storm runoff pollution from an urban catchment in China

Storm runoff pollution process was investigated in an urban catchment with an area of 1.3 km^2 in Wuhan City of China. The results indicate that the pollutant concentration peaks preceded the flow peaks in all of 8 monitored storm events. The intervals between pollution peak and flow peak were shorter in the rain events with higher intensity in the initial period than those with lower intensity. The fractions of pollution load transported by the first 30% of runoff volume （FF30） were 52.2%-72.1% for total suspended solids （TSS）, 53.0%-65.3% for chemical oxygen demand （COD）, 40.4%-50.6% for total nitrogen （TN）, and 45.8%-63.2% for total phosphorus （TP）, respectively. Runoff pollution was positively related to non-raining days before the rainfall. Intercepting the first 30% of runoff volume can remove 62.4% of TSS load, 59.4% of COD load, 46.8% of TN load, and 54.1% of TP load, respectively, according to all the storm events. It is suggested that controlling the first flush is a critical measure in reduction of urban stormwater pollution.     

Impact of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the sediment-water interface

As a diagenetic progress, bioturbation influences solute exchange across the sediment-water interface (SWI). Different benthic animals have various mechanical activities in sediment, thereby they may have different effects on solute exchange across the SWI. This laboratory study examined the impacts of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the SWI. Tubificid worms and Chironomidae larvae were introduced as model organisms which, based on their mechanical activities, belong to upward-conveyors and gallery-diffusers, respectively. The microcosm simulation study was carried out with a continuous flow culture system, and all sediment, water, and worms and larvae specimens were sampled from Taihu Lake, China. To compare their bioturbation effects, the same biomass (17.1 g wet weight (ww)/m2) was adopted for worms and larvae.Worms altered no oxygen penetration depth in sediment, while larvae increased the O2 penetration depth, compared to the control treatment. Their emergence also enhanced sediment O2 uptake. The oxidation of ferrous iron in pore water produced ferric iron oxyhydroxides that adsorbed soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the overlying water and pore water. Larvae built obviously oxidized tubes with about 2 mm diameter and the maximum length of 6 cm in sediment, and significantly decreased ferrous iron and SRP in the pore water compared to the control and worms treatments. Worms constructed no visually-oxidized galleries in the sediment in contrast to larvae, and they did not significantly alter SRP in the pore water relative to the control treatment. The adsorption of ferric iron oxyhydroxides to SRP caused by worms and larvae inhibited SRP release from sediment. Comparatively, worms inhibited more SRP release than larvae based on the same biomass, as they successively renewed the ferric iron oxyhydroxides rich oxidation layer through their deposition.     

改性生物填料在水处理应用中氧传递的研究

研究了改性填料与普通填料在清水中的氧传质性能。根据反应器特征,建立了全混式反应器氧传质模型。分别测定了改性填料和普通填料在清水中连续曝气供氧的溶解氧值与曝气时间的关系。同一曝气流量下,改性填料反应器中清水的DO比普通填料反应器高;增大曝气流量,同一曝气时间反应器中清水的DO升高,直至饱和值Csat,并且前者比后者提前接近饱和值。采用全混式反应器氧传质模型,通过matlabprograms寻优求出连续曝气供氧时两种填料在清水中氧的液相总传递系数kLa。计算结果表明:曝气流量增大,氧传递系数kLa增大,其值约为22h-1～36h-1;在相同曝气流量下,改性填料的kLa均高于普通填料,约提高10%。试验表明改性填料增强了反应器的氧传递能力。     

COD消解装置在测定印染废水CODcr中的应用

针对重铬酸钾回流法测定COD消解时间长，分析费用高等不足，研究了COD消解装置在测定印染废水CODcr中的应用，通过对消解时间和催化剂用量的选择，确定了COE消解装置测定絮凝处理前后印染废水CODcr的最佳条件，并且测定结果与回流法一致，该方法具有操作简便，分析费用低，消解时间短及精密度好等特点。     

黄海和东海海域溶解氧的分布特征

根据黄河和东海海区四个季度的调查资料，描述了溶解氧的时空分布和变化规律。黄、东海溶解氧分布的基本特征是北高南低，西高东低，随着水温的变化，不同季节这一差别有所不同。黄、东海溶解氧平均值分别为495．4和420．3μmol/L，测定范围分别为90．2－681．9和133－9－692．8μmol/L。以长江口以东H断面为例，描述了夏季溶解氧的断面分布特征，在20－30m水层出现一氧跃层，30m以下垂直分布比较均匀。文中还深入研究了东海陆架区黑潮水溶解氧的分布特征和变化规律。