侧流磷回收对低溶解氧EBPR系统性能的影响

实验采用交替厌氧/好氧(An/O)模式运行SBR反应器,考察控制DO=1 mg·L~(-1)条件下提取侧流比为0、1/4、1/3、1/2的厌氧放磷上清液后EBPR系统的脱氮除磷效果及其对应的磷回收性能.整个实验阶段中NH_~+4-N去除率较为稳定,但系统后期COD出水的残余量达到81.3 mg·L~(-1).在未提取侧流比阶段中,平均除磷率为89.4%,提取1/4、1/3侧流比后除磷率不断上升,分别为98.5%、99.0%,但在1/2侧流比之后,除磷性能开始波动,除磷率最低为65.4%.提取侧流比各阶段中,1/3侧流比条件下仅实验初期第一天出水磷浓度未达到一级A标准,该阶段出水达标率93.3%远远大于1/2侧流比的45.5%,但侧流磷回收率随着侧流比的增大而不断升高.实验还发现,提取1/2侧流比后,TN去除率迅速下降至50.9%.因此,提取放磷上清液强化低好氧EBPR系统除磷性能的最优值为1/3侧流比,此时低好氧EBPR系统与侧流磷回收结合可以大大提高经济与环境效益.     

序批式膜反应器同步硝化和反硝化的特性

为提高污水生物脱氮处理的效率和减少外加碳源,研究了序批式膜反应器(SBBR)在有氧情况下处理生活污水中同步硝化和反硝化的特性.试验表明,原水TN为80～110mg/L和溶解氧浓度为0.8～4.0mg/L情况下,出水TN小于15mg/L,NH₃^-N去除率达100%,TN去除率54%～77%,NH₃^-N容积负荷率为47～94mg/(L·d),TN容积负荷率为56～113mg/(L·d).TN的变化规律为在NH₃^-N降到零或最小之前,TN持续降低之后,TN有短时的上升后再缓慢降低.在较大的溶解氧浓度范围内,SBBR具有同步硝化和反硝化的能力,建议将NH₃^-N降解到零或最小值的时刻,作为同步硝化和反硝化的结束点.     

负载型催化剂光催化氧化五氯苯酚钠的效果

研究以TiO₂ 为基本活性组分、空心玻璃珠为载体、硅酸钠为粘合剂的负载型催化剂的制备技术 .选取五氯苯酚钠 (PCP-Na)为处理对象 ,结合对催化剂比表面和晶型结构的表征 ,对制备的催化剂进行筛选评价 .实验结果表明 :在适当的条件下 (二氧化钛、空心玻璃珠、40%硅酸钠溶液重量比为 4∶20∶2,650℃下烧 3h)所制备的C3型催化剂不仅光催化活性高 ,且负载牢固 ,易与水分离 .对初始COD_Cr=400mg·L^-1,PCP-Na=10mg·L^-1的反应液 ,在光照强度为 30kW·m^-2下 2hCOD_Cr去除率大于 65% ,PCP-Na去除率大于 92%.试验进一步探讨C3型催化剂投加量、反应液初始浓度、供氧量对催化反应的影响 .     

溶解氧对悬浮与附着生长系统短程硝化反应的影响机制

溶解氧(DO)是控制短程硝化的重要因素,其对不同的生物处理系统有不同的影响.本文研究了DO对悬浮污泥及生物膜系统短程硝化效果的影响,并利用高通量测序技术分析了微生物群落结构变化.结果表明,对于悬浮污泥系统,当DO从0. 25 mg·L~(-1)增加到0. 50 mg·L~(-1)时,氨氧化速率(AOR)从18. 08 mg·(L·h)-1升高至30. 27 mg·(L·h)-1;当曝气继续增加,DO达到3. 00 mg·L~(-1),仅运行14 d,进水氨氮(NH_4+-N)基本全部转化为硝酸盐氮(NO_3--N),且通过降低DO来恢复短程硝化效果需77 d,恢复过程缓慢.对于生物膜系统,DO由2. 50 mg·L~(-1)上升到3. 00 mg·L~(-1)的过程中,AOR稳定在11. 50～13. 50mg·(L·h)-1,当DO为3. 00 mg·L~(-1)时,80 d的运行结果显示,出水中氨氮与亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2--N)的比值可长期稳定在1∶1. 2～1∶1. 7,基本满足ANAMMOX工艺进水要求.微生物群落结构分析结果表明,悬浮污泥系统在DO从0. 25 mg·L~(-1)增加到3. 00 mg·L~(-1)的过程中,主要氨氧化菌(AOB)菌属Nitrosomonas丰度由10. 07%增长至18. 64%.当DO为3. 00 mg·L~(-1)时,生物膜系统中Nitrosomonas菌属丰度与悬浮污泥系统相近为20. 43%,且生物膜系统富集了0. 78%的ANAMMOX菌属Candidatus_Kuenenia.综上,生物膜系统内DO的变化受曝气量影响较小,短程硝化效果受DO影响较小,短程硝化速率更稳定,更适合作为ANAMMOX脱氮工艺的前处理单元.     

底泥污染物释放动力学研究

采用模拟试验方式和新型微生物数量测定方法 ,研究了沼泽化湖泊底泥和受污染河流底泥在不同扰动状态下 ,底泥耗氧速率、氮和磷污染物释放动力学过程。结果表明 :( 1)底泥耗氧速率是同样条件下上覆水耗氧速率的 48倍 ,而在扰动状态下 ,底泥耗氧速率达到上覆水耗氧速率的 5 96— 93 6倍 ,扰动底泥显著增大其耗氧速率 ,底泥污染越严重 ,其耗氧速率越大 ,对水体产生的影响也越大。 ( 2 )扰动底泥可以显著增大底泥的氮磷释放速率 ,氮的释放受有机氮的氨化、氨氮的硝化、硝酸盐氮的反硝化以及氨氮被微生物吸收转化为有机氮等的影响 ;磷的释放过程受厌氧过程和底泥颗粒吸附的影响 ,耗氧速率高的底泥具有更大的氮磷释放潜力。 ( 3 )微生物数量在底泥污染物释放动力学中起着关键性作用 ,新型方法可以快速检测微生物总量。试验结果对于水环境的管理、受污染水体的修复 ,以及底泥的处理处置等都具有重要的指导意义     

高压蒸汽消化法测定废水化学需氧量的再研究

用＂自控式高压蒸汽消解器＂作为高压蒸汽消化法测定废水化学需氧量的消化装置,详细研究了消化条件,最后确定,消化体系中（１／６）Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７浓度为０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｈ２ＳＯ４浓度为１０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,催化剂Ａｇ＋浓度为０．０３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,消化温度为１３０℃,恒温时间为２０ｍｉｎ。用此方法和条件测定了１２种单纯有机化合物和１６种不同工业废水的化学需氧量,与标准回流法相比,相对误差在－５．５－６．０％之间。     

CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION OF QUAL-II TO THE LOWER WINOOSKI RIVER1

ABSTRACT: A modified version of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's QUAL-II water quality simulation model is calibrated and applied to the Lower Winooski River, Vermont. The river flows through the metropolitan Burlington area and is impacted by several industrial and municipal point sources and by operation of hydropower facilities. Several structural modifications are made in the model to improve water quality simulations in rivers impacted by algal growth; these include the addition of organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus compartments and provision for algal uptake of ammonia and/or nitrate nitrogen. The model is interfaced with statistical programs which facilitate tabulation, display, and analysis of observed and predicted concentrations. The model is calibrated and tested against data from two intensive water quality surveys. Applications demonstrate the factors controlling water quality and sensitivities to point source waste management strategies and flow, as influenced by hydropower operations.     

革新的UNITANK法处理城市污水的特性

对UNITANK法的传统运行模式做了改进。在此基础上，考察了水力停留时问、溶解氧浓度和泥龄等重要因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明，将系统控制在适宜的条件下，出水COD和NH3-N均可达到污水综合排放一级标准。提出了后续研究中改善除磷效果的措施。     

SUBSURFACE QUALITY TRANSFORMATIONS DURING THE INITIATION OF A NEW STABILIZATION LAGOON1

ABSTRACT Raw sewage was metered into a newly-constructed lagoon of the Pima County Department of Sanitation, Tucson, Arizona. Seepage losses were calculated from data on inflow, evaporation and change in storage. Water samples were obtained from shallow suction cups, a 40 ft. and a 60 ft. PVC well and a 100 ft. access tube, all located inside the lagoon. Samples from these wells, together with water samples from the lagoon, were examined for conform organisms and various physical and chemical constituents. Of special concern were transformations in nitrogen. Estimated seepage rates in the lagoon during inundation ranged from 0.20 ft. per day to 0.10 ft. per day. Water level observations in wells reflected the percolation of effluent to the water table, 70 ft. below land surface. Initially, the nitrate ion levels in the suction cup samples were high, manifesting the leaching of indigenous soil nitrogen. With the onset of anaerobic conditions at the base of the lagoon, nitrification was inhibited at the soil surface and ammonia became the predominant form of nitrogen in the soil solution. Sorption of ammonium ion appeared to occur on clay particles in a soil zone of high cation exchange capacity. There were no undesirable microbial or chemical effects of recharge from lagoon seepage on native groundwater quality.     

关于“金与甘氨酸配合作用实验研究中的某些问题”的讨论─—答复周朝宪、季宏兵和王中良

分析了金与甘氨酸配合作用实验研究中的某些问题，包括甘氨酸的热稳定性，氧逸度的概念，样品管内的压力、样品管材料对实验的影响及配位数的确定。