Projected Climate Change Effects on Winterkill in Shallow Lakes in the Northern United States

2 was obtained from the output of the Canadian Climate Center General Circulation Model. To illustrate the effect of projected climate change on lake DO characteristics, we present herein DO information simulated, respectively, with inputs of past climate conditions (1961–1979) and with a projected 2 × CO₂ climate scenario, as well as differences of those values. Specific parameters obtained were minimum under-ice and lake bottom DO concentration in winter, duration of under-ice anoxic conditions (<0.1 mg/liter) and low DO conditions (<3 mg/liter), and percentage of anoxic and low DO lake volumes during the ice cover period. Under current climate conditions winterkill occurs typically in shallow eutrophic lakes of the northern contiguous United States. Climate warming is projected to eliminate winterkill in these lakes. This would be a positive effect of climate warming. Fish species under ice may still experience periods of stress and zero growth due to low DO (<3 mg/liter) conditions under projected climate warming.     

好/厌氧多级串联潜流人工湿地对COD的去除效果

为了调整传统潜流湿地内部溶解氧分布状态,提高其对生活污水水质净化的效率,对传统潜流湿地进行了不同区段的划分及功能强化,设计了不同结构的好氧/厌氧多级串联潜流人工湿地,研究了好氧/厌氧段比例、位置及人工曝气等因素对出水COD的影响,并与传统潜流湿地进行净化效果的比较。结果表明,传统潜流湿地对COD的去除率为70.3%,以好氧/厌氧/好氧段方式串联采用前部和后部曝气并作厌氧处理的潜流湿地(即O-A-O强化曝气组)对COD的去除率为90.1%,比传统潜流湿地提高了19.8%;O-A-O强化曝气组平均出水浓度为17.4mg/L,不曝气的O-A-O出水COD浓度基本维持在50.0～60.0mg/L;对O-A-O前部和后部曝气处理后COD的去除率分别提高了30.4%和20.8%。可见,在实验条件下O-A-O强化曝气组对COD的去除率最高,结构相同的湿地曝气处理后出水水质有显著改善,在湿地前部曝气对COD的去除效果尤为显著。     

生态稳定塘及植物净化法处理造纸废水的应用技术

文章以某稻草原料的纸业公司废水治理工程为例,论述工程建设的造纸废水生态处理系统,包括造纸废水厌氧处理塘、混合废水兼氧-好氧处理塘及育苇塘,其中纸机白水、中段废水含有较多的流失填料,采用斜网及沉淀处理后入生态塘系统。混合后的废水经兼氧-氧化塘-芦苇湿地处理系统,大大增加了其处理效果。排水经芦苇人工湿地净化处理,用以生产造纸原料芦苇塘的种植用水。工程配备完善的给排水系统和废水循环利用系统,实现废水的零排放。     

微曝气垂直流湿地中4种基质的充氧性能研究

通过模型曝气实验研究了公分石、火山石、500级陶粒、高强级陶粒4种基质和空白水柱分别在0.19、 0.38、 0.76 m³·(m²·h)^-1 3种曝气强度下的充氧性能.结果表明,在相同条件下,曝气强度越大,氧转移速率常数K_La越大,填充了基质的模型的氧转移速率常数比空白提高了5～7.8倍;在0.19 m³·(m²·h)^-1曝气强度下,500级陶粒和高强级陶粒的氧利用率最高,分别为14.39%和14.21%,火山石和公分石的氧利用率分别为13.11%和11.68%;随着曝气强度的提高,公分石的氧利用率明显高于其它基质,在0.38 m³·(m²·h)^-1曝气强度下达到最大值14.04％,比该状况下空白模型的氧利用率高出3倍,火山石的氧利用率持续下降,在0.76 m³·(m²·h)^-1曝气强度下,氧利用率为7.67%,500级陶粒和高强级陶粒的氧利用率较为稳定,维持在10%左右.     

Disruption of biofilms from sewage pipes under physical and chemical conditioning

Biofilms grown inside two sewage collecting pipes located in industrial and residential areas are studied. Bacterial biomass inside three layers of biofilms was evaluated. Biofilm cohesion under different mixing rate and ionic strength was also investigated. Effects of physical and chemical parameters in the biofilms were evaluated by monitoring turbidity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands. Extracted organic matter from biofilms was partitioned to polar, aromatic and saturated fractions using activated silica column chromatography. Results revealed that bacterial biomass growth depending on biofilm thickness and stratification. The most loaded stratum in bacterial biomass was the sewage-biofilm interface stratum that represented 51% of the total bacterial biomass. Stirring rate and ionic strength of mono and bivalent salts showed a major influence in biofilm disruption. The stirring time enhanced the exchange dynamic and matter capture between biofilm fragments at the critical stirring rate 90 r/min. Sodium chloride showed the dispersing effect on biofilms in suspension, and decreased the BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand) beyond the physiological salt concentration.     

O2与Fe(Ò )协同作用氧化和去除As(ó )

在中性无氧水环境中,以O2为氧化剂,研究不同Fe（Ⅱ）和As（Ⅲ）比值（下文中简称Fe/As比值）条件下As（Ⅲ）的氧化去除效率及机理.实验发现,在O2与Fe（Ⅱ）共存的条件下,约3~4d时间内80%左右的As（Ⅲ）被去除,6~8d后,反应趋于稳定.当Fe/As=20时,As（Ⅲ）去除率达到95%左右,当Fe/As≥30时,去除率可达到99.5%以上.研究表明,无铁水环境中O2对砷的氧化速率是极其缓慢的,而有铁存在时氧化效率可大大提高.     

太湖化学耗氧量和生化需氧量的时空分布特征

基于2009年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)、11月(秋季)全太湖32个站点的化学耗氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)、溶解性总氮(DTN)、溶解性总磷(DTP)、浮游植物色素数据,分析了太湖COD、BOD的时空分布特征,并探讨了影响COD、BOD时空分布的因素.结果表明,2009年太湖COD值为3.40～6.16mg·L-1,平均值为(4.38±0.72)mg·L-1;BOD为0.64～5.93mg·L-1,平均值为(1.91±1.63)mg·L-1.COD值在秋冬季节较高,其值显著大于春夏季(p0.001);而BOD值冬季较高,其它季节都较低.COD与BOD的空间分布格局相似,呈现出自竺山湾、太湖西北沿岸区向梅梁湾区、湖心区、东南湖湾区依次递减的趋势.分类统计结果显示,河口沿岸区COD、BOD值显著高于开敞水域区(p0.001).相关性分析结果表明,COD、BOD与DTN、DTP、浮游植物色素的相关性存在季节性差异.夏季浮游植物色素浓度与COD、BOD相关系数最高,说明夏季浮游植物降解对水体内COD和BOD的贡献要高于其它季节.COD与BOD的时空分布特征主要受降雨量、河流输入、"引江济太"及太湖浮游植物活动等的影响.     

Cytotoxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin on the macrophage cell line RAW264.7

The wide use and wide-spectrum toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) insecticides make them an emerging ecotoxicological concern. Some previous studies showed that SPs possessed cytotoxicity in some immune cells such as human lymphocytes and rat bone marrow. However, the cytotoxicity of SPs to macrophages, which are crucial to innate immunity, has not been explored. In the present report, we investigated a new pyrethroid insecticide, lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT), which may increase the generation of reactive ...     

用重铬酸钾法测定高氯废水中化学需氧量

氯离子是影响水中化学需氧量测定结果准确性的主要干扰因素。当废水中氯离子浓度在2000～8000mg／L时,采用以氯离子浓度为横坐标,其干扰产生的化学需氧量值为纵坐标绘制标准曲线的方法,测定氯离子影响化学需氧量值,用重铬酸钾法的测定值减去氯离子的影响值,得到实际样品的化学需氧量,结果令人满意。     

Biodegradability of soil water soluble organic carbon extracted from seven different soils

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) is considered the most mobile and reactive soil carbon source and its characterization is an important issue for soil ecology study. A biodegradability test was set up to study WSOC extracted from 7 soils differently managed. WSOC was extracted from soil with water (soil/water ratio of 1:2, W/V) for 30 min, and then tested for biodegradability by a liquid state respirometric test. Result obtained confirmed the finding that WSOC biodegradability depended on both land use and management practice. These results suggested the biodegradability test as suitable method to characterize WSOC, adding useful information to soil fertility.