洞穴滴水-CaCO_3体系氧碳同位素组成的气候意义研究现状和问题

近年来,通过对洞穴滴水-CaCO3体系各项指标的长期监测,以了解现代碳酸钙沉积的形成机制成为了石笋古气候研究的重点。尤其是对滴水-CaCO3体系氧同位素组成(δ18 O)的研究取得了显著的进展。人们在对滴水和CaCO3的δ18 O与古温度关系的研究中,不断地修改普遍使用的关系式,甚至提出了适合自身研究区石笋δ18 O与温度的关系式。无疑这将增加利用石笋氧同位素组成重建本地区古温度的可信度。在对碳同位素组成(δ13 C)的研究中,学者们更加细致地研究了各种影响滴水δ13 C值的因素(如先期碳酸盐沉积PCP、通风条件等),为更好地利用石笋δ13 C重建古气候环境提供了科学支撑。由于洞穴监测条件的限制,至今大多数洞穴都未能建立起完善的自上而下的监测体系,所以对一些δ18 O、δ13 C变化的解译仍然存在多解性和不确定性,有待未来的研究继续加强。     

空气相对湿度对煤自燃特性的影响研究

为研究空气相对湿度对煤自燃特性的影响,运用自制空气湿度控制装置和程序升温试验台,通入湿度不同的空气,对砚石台矿煤样进行程序升温,测定不同温度下所产生气体的浓度,分析耗氧速率、CO和CO2产生率、放热强度以及自燃极限参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:低温氧化前期,煤体的耗氧速率、放热强度和CO产生率与空气相对湿度成正比。随着反应的进行,85%或32%的湿度均会对耗氧速率、放热强度和CO产生率产生一定的抑制作用;CO2产生率随空气相对湿度的增大先升高后降低,最小浮煤厚度和下限氧浓度随空气相对湿度的增大先减小后增大,上限漏风强度先增大后减小。增大空气相对湿度对煤低温氧化前期有促进作用,其自燃环境条件更易被满足,自燃危险性升高。     

煤化学链燃烧钙铁双氧载体竞争还原反应平衡分析

采用Ca SO4和少量Fe2O3所组成的混合物作为化学链燃烧的复合氧载体,对水蒸汽气化介质条件下煤气化-复合氧载体还原反应展开热力学分析,探讨了双氧载体在燃料反应器中的竞争还原反应机理及铁氧化物与气体硫化物、与煤灰反应的可能性.铁基氧化物主要是起到载氧的作用,其加入有利于提高燃料燃烬度,且不会被过度还原成Fe O或Fe.在850~1050℃反应温度范围,铁氧化物不会与SO2和H2S反应而转化成Fe S或Fe S2.Ca SO4还原副反应生成的Ca O容易与煤灰中Si O2和Al2O3反应,生成钙的硅酸盐和铝酸盐.     

海河流域河流耗氧污染变化趋势及氧亏分布研究

耗氧污染是海河流域河流水污染的主要类型,耗氧污染物对河流溶氧的消耗产生的氧亏效应对水生生物产生重大影响.收集海河流域重点水功能区88个监测站点2000—2011年CODCr/CODMn、NH3-N指标,分析河流耗氧污染特征及演变趋势,并基于水质目标(2 mg·L-1)下计算出海河流域河流氧亏量.结果表明,流域河流耗氧污染总体呈现好转趋势,耗氧污染指标(NH3-N、CODCr/CODMn)逐渐降低,I~III类水质站点比例增加,劣V类水质站点数和超标倍数减少;CODMn降低幅度大于NH3-N,主要污染物由COD向NH3-N转化.海河流域重点氧亏区域主要集中于中部平原段和下游滨海段,未氧亏区域多集中于上游山区段;北三河、黑龙港运东与徒骇马颊河水系中部平原段整体处于缺氧区域,子牙河水系中部平原区缺氧现象最为严重,氧亏区域位于石家庄洨河下游、滏阳河艾辛庄下游至献县段及石津总干以南;海河流域内中部平原段河流氧亏的主要贡献仍以COD为主,但氨氮的贡献显著,其中黑龙港运东水系、徒骇马颊河水系和北三河水系,COD耗氧均值都高于5 mg·L-1,在北三河和子牙河水系,氨氮耗氧均值达到了4 mg·L-1.     

感潮河段盐度和缺氧水体时空分布规律研究

感潮河段水体的物质输运规律及其时空分布不仅受径流、潮汐动力的双重影响,还受水闸调度等人类活动的影响.针对水闸调度影响下感潮河段复杂的水动力学及其伴随的物质输运过程,提出一种新的算盘式网格结构,建立了水动力学和物质输送的三维数学模型,考察了在径流、潮汐及水闸调度综合作用下,感潮河段水流密度分层的特点,并对水体中溶解氧和盐度的时空分布规律及其影响因素进行研究.结果发现,数值模拟计算结果与观测值吻合良好,表明所建立的三维数值模型可以很好地预测感潮河段的水流运动和物质输运规律.研究表明,感潮河段的缺氧水体首先出现在盐水楔的前端,在盐-淡水分层强度、盐水停留时间及水闸调度的综合作用下,出现溶解氧浓度持续降低的趋势,并导致缺氧水体范围从河口上游向下游扩展,随水闸的放流缺氧水体被冲刷的现象.     

Rose Bengal‐sensitized photooxygenation of chlorohydroxyaromatic contaminants in water: A kinetic study

A kinetic study of the RB‐sensitized photooxygenation of a series of chlorohydroxyaromatic (ClArOH) water contaminants (phenolic and dihydroxybenzene derivatives) has been carried out. In addition, an exhaustive study on the possible interactions of RB electronically excited triplet and singlet states with ClArOH was also developed. The determination of relative rates of oxygen uptake upon sensitized irradiation, employing auxiliar selective quenchers of oxygen active species, indicate the contribution of both singlet molecular oxygen (ca. 71%) and Superoxide ion (ca. 26%) as the reactive pathways for ClArOH degradation. The substitution by chlorine atoms in position meta greatly decrease the photooxygenation rate of the phenolic derivatives. For the dihydroxybenzene series, increase in nuclear chlorination parallels a decrease in the photodegradation rate.

Outdoors sensitized solar irradiation experiments on different ClArOH mixtures leads to measurable levels of oxygen after a few minutes exposure. From the environmental point of view, and ruling out the possibility of direct‐irradiation photoreactions, sensitized photooxygenation appears as an alternative pathway for ClArOH degradation, in competence with other naturally‐occurring photoprocesses involving reactive transient species.     

枯季乌江河流“呼吸”作用及其性质探讨

发源于云贵高原上的乌江是长江流域的重要支流之一。乌江流域喀斯特地貌广泛发育，是中国南方典型的喀斯特河流。以枯水季节乌江流域水体中的实测温度、溶解氧、碱度和pH值等理化参数为依据，探讨了乌江流域河道水体的CO2分压(〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2)与河流“呼吸”通量的变化规律。乌江流域枯水季节河道水体〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2介于2913~1 530 μatm之间，平均值为9493 μatm，约为大气的3倍，各支流样点的平均值为9924 μatm，大于干流平均值9026 μatm，由此推断乌江流域干支流河道在枯季是大气CO2的“源”。受各游段流域特征以及人类活动的影响，干支流河道水体〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2表现出明显的空间差异。水体〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2与溶解氧的相关关系不显著，说明河道内有机质的异养呼吸不是喀斯特乌江流域枯季水体中溶解无机碳的主要来源，其河道水体中高〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2成因复杂。〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗CO2的上述分布规律是流域支流汇入、地下水以及河道水体有机质氧化分解等共同作用的结果。     

Luminescence in the oxidation of isoproterenol by the superoxide anion radical in dimethyl sulfoxide

Chemiluminescence appearing during oxidation of isoproterenol using chemical system involving superoxide anion radical has been studied. Chemiluminescence and fluorescence spectra were measured. The chemiluminescence spectrum was measured with cut‐off filters and revealed bands with maximum at 440, 480, 550, 640 and 700 nm. The bands at 480, 640 and 700 nm were similar to those observed for singlet oxygen. The fluorescence spectrum exhibited maximum at 560 nm.

The inhibitory effect of several biologically important compounds known as O₂ ^?‐ HO^? and ¹O₂ scavengers on the light emission was studied.

The obtained results indicate that oxidation of isoproterenol by O₂ ^?‐ involves products in the electronically excited states. The data also seem to indicate the protective effect of isoproterenol on the deoxyribose degradation.     

三峡库区水库水质Streeter Phelps模型修正及COD变化规律的新探讨

水体复氧规律的研究对于预测和评价水中溶解氧含量, 确定有机污染水体的自净过程具有重要意义。天然水体中溶解氧的多少是评价水环境质量优劣的一项非常重要的指标, 是水质预测的一个重要任务。Streeter Phelps模型是目前进行河流水质研究常用的物理模型，具有良好的理论和实用价值，然而在某些特定水域，该模型的应用受到限制，主要原因是复氧系数的取定多在水流速度较大情况下得到的，而未考虑水面波动对复氧系数的影响，另外，在实际研究过程中发现三峡库区COD变化的规律出现异常：在离排污口相当远的水域，COD随时间变化趋势并不是指数衰减，而是在某个常值附近微小摆动，以往很多修正过的Streeter Phelps模型都无法解释这个现象。经研究表明：考虑波动效应后，对复氧系数进行修正能得到较好的模型计算结果；同时，COD变化规律不仅可以弄清楚，而且可以为进一步研究排污规律和泥沙运动提供科学依据。     

LONG-TERM CHANGES IN STREAMFLOW FOLLOWING LOGGING IN WESTERN OREGON AND ASSOCIATED FISHERIES IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: The long-term effect of logging on low summer streamflow was investigated with a data set of 36 years. Hydrologic records were analyzed for the period 1953 and 1988 from Watershed (WS) 1 (clear-cut logged and burned), WS 2 (unlogged control), and WS 3 (25 percent patch-cut logged and burned) in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, western Cascade Range, Oregon. These records spanned 9–10 years before logging, and 21–25 years after logging and burning. Streamfiows in August were the lowest of any month, and were unaffected by occasional heavy rain that occurred at the beginning of summer. August streamfiows increased in WS 1 compared to WS 2 by 159 percent following logging in WS 1, but this increase lasted for only eight years following the start of logging in 1962. Water yield in August for 1970–1988 observed from WS 1 was 25 percent less than predicted from the control (WS 2, ANOVA, p=0.032). Water yield in August increased by 59 percent after 25 percent of the area of WS 3 was patch-cut logged and burned in 1963. In contrast to WS 1, however, water yields from WS 3 in August were consistently greater than predicted for 16 years following the start of logging, through to 1978. For the 10 years, 1979–1988, water yield observed in August from WS 3 was not different than predicted from the control (WS 2, ANOVA, p-0.175). The contrasting responses of WS 1 and 3 to logging are thought to be the result of differences in riparian vegetation caused by different geomorphic conditions. A relatively wide valley floor in WS 1 allowed the development of hardwoods in the riparian zone following logging, but the narrow valley of WS 3 and limited sediment deposits prevented establishment of riparian hardwoods. Low streamflows during summer have implications for salmonid survival. Reduced streamflow reduces the amount of rearing habitat, thus increasing competition. Combined with high water temperatures, reduced streamflow can lead directly to salmonid mortality by driving salmonids from riffles and glides, and trapping them in drying pools. Low streamflow also increases oxygen depletion caused by leaves from riparian red alders.