Uranium transport around the reactor zone at Bangombé and Okélobondo (Oklo): examples of hydrogeological and geochemical model integration and data evaluation

The sites at Bangombé and Okélobondo (Oklo) in Gabon provide a unique opportunity to study the behaviour of products from natural nuclear reactions in the vicinity of reactor zones which were active around two billion years ago. The Commission of the European Communities initiated the Oklo Natural Analogue Programme. One of the principal aims was to study indications of present time migration of elements from the reactor zones under ambient conditions. The hydrogeological and hydrochemical data from the Oklo sites were modelled in order to better understand the geochemical behaviour of radionuclides in the natural system, by using independent models and by comparing the modelling outcome. Two modelling approaches were used: M3 code (hydrochemical mixing and mass balance model), developed by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB) and HYTEC (reactive transport model) developed by Ecole des Mines de Paris.Two different reactor zones were studied: Bangombé, a shallow site, the reactor being at 11 m depth, and OK84 at Okélobondo, situated at about 450 m depth, more comparable with a real repository location. This allowed the validation of modelling tools in two different sedimentary environments: one shallow, with a more homogeneous layering situated in an area of meteoric alteration, and the other offering the opportunity to study radionuclide migration from the reaction zone over a distance of 450 m through very heterogeneous sedimentary layers.The modeling results indicate that the chemical reactions retarding radionuclide transport are very different at the two sites. At Bangombé, the decomposition of organic material consumes oxygen and at Okélobondo the oxygen is consumed by inorganic reactions resulting, in both cases, in uranium retardation. Both modelling approaches (statistic with M3 code and deterministic with HYTEC code) could describe this situation.The goal of this exercise is to test codes which can help to describe and understand the processes taking place at the sites, validate the models with in situ data, and thus build confidence in the tools used for future site characterization. Ultimately, this allows identifying and selecting processes and parameters that can be used as input into repository performance assessment calculations and modelling exercises.     

密切值法在污水土地处理工程选址中的应用

本文对密切值法在污水土地处理工程选址中的应用进行了探讨，通过实例分分析看出该方法科学可行且简易。     

江汉平原石家河谭家岭遗址新石器时代环境考古

通过对位于江汉平原北部石家河古城内谭家岭遗址地层孢粉、碳氮地球化学和磁化率代用指标的综合分析表明,石家河文化早期(4.6—4.4 ka BP),孢粉浓度较高且种类多,特别是喜暖湿的孢粉科属含量较大,植被覆盖较好,说明遗址及周边地区受人类活动干扰较少;TOC、TN和C/N偏高,δ~(13)C_(org)偏低,表明当时以C_3植物为主,气候较为温暖湿润;该时期遗址区域可能积水较多,磁化率值总体较低,发生过水域面积增大但持续时间不长的变化,石家河古城在防御洪水及外敌入侵方面发挥了较大作用。石家河文化中晚期(4.4—4.0 ka BP),孢粉种类和浓度减小,TOC、TN和C/N也持续减小,δ~(13)C_(org)则偏高,气候凉干,降水减少,遗址区域积水减少并逐渐演变成古人的居住用地,受人类活动影响磁化率值明显增高;由于河湖、地下水位下降,石家河古城防御洪水与外侵的功能消失并逐渐废弃。4.2 ka BP前后气候持续凉干,极端灾害事件频繁发生,影响了当地农业和渔猎业的发展,使得石家河文化发展停滞,这是导致本区石家河文化衰落的重要环境因素。     

基于风险管控的污染地块修复模式概述

基于风险管控的理念,结合风险产生的3要素(污染源、暴露途径和风险受体),分别介绍了污染地块治理修复的多种可选修复模式。在多层次风险防控的思路下构建污染地块的修复模式,可以为污染地块的安全利用提供多样化的解决方案。     

典型砒霜厂污染场地重金属污染特征及环境风险评价

以某个砒霜厂旧址为研究对象,分析场地的重金属污染特征。结果表明,该场地受到砷、铜、铅、镉和锌等重金属污染,其中,砷污染指标超过评价标准值达7 199倍;基于《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准(暂行)》条件下,采用RBCA模型计算砷、镉、铜、锌对人体健康的环境风险,结果表明,该场地砷超过了致癌风险指数标准限值-6(10)及非致癌危害商标准限值(1),说明砷具有很大的环境风险;采用IEUBK模型计算铅对人体的健康风险,结果表明,铅也具有一定的环境风险。因此,该污染场地在开发利用过程中需要对环境风险区域进行治理修复后才能使用。     

华北油田岔南联合站污水处理技术改造及效益分析

采油污水必须经过处理达到油田注水水质控制指标才能回注。华北石油管理局第二采油厂岔南联合站建成投产后，采取了选用合适的化学药剂，改善加药方法等措施，使岔南联合站污水水质得到较大改善，达到了油田注水水质控制指标，并同时收到了减少电耗和化学药剂使用量，节约成本的效果。环境效益和经济效益都十分显著。本文介绍了该站污水处理系统技术改造的试验过程及效果。     

封存点含多氯联苯废物清理过程中要考虑的几点问题

我国履行斯德哥尔摩公约以来取得了一定成果,本文根据我国履约最新进展,就封存点含多氯联苯废物清理问题进行了全方位的思考。对现场踏勘及信息收集、清运目标和标准的确定、清运范围的确定、作业场区的工程设计、挖掘与清理、废物的包装、场地的恢复与验收、以及安全防护与事故应急等内容作了全面的分析与阐述,科学的分析了清理、挖掘过程可能出现的问题,并提出了较合理的对策。     

工业废弃场地健康风险评价

城市的发展,越来越多的工业企业都在逐步搬迁出主城区,拆迁遗留下的场地将会用作商业或居住用地,对这些拆迁场地如不加强环境管理,将会对公众健康造成危害。本文以化工企业拆迁场地为例,按照危害识别、暴露评估、毒性评估、风险表征4个步骤介绍了健康风险评价的一般方法,着重介绍了"危害识别"中对于化工企业拆迁场地"场地环境调查"方面的方法与注意事项。最后针对我国在污染场地健康风险评价方面的不足,提出了相应的建议。     

沈阳市赵家沟垃圾填埋场稳定化与场地回用评价

对沈阳市一个关闭2年左右的垃圾卫生填埋场的稳定化状态进行了研究。对填埋场达到稳定化状态的时间进行预测以及不同时期的稳定化程度进行评价,并提出了填埋土地的再利用方案。     

Variations in Environmental Tritium Dose Estimates Due to Meteorological Data Averaging and Uncertainties in Pathway Model Parameters

The large amounts of tritium produced at the Savannah River Site (SRS) coupled with the current dose reconstruction study at the facility emphasize the importance of ensuring accurate and efficient prediction of tritium doses to the public. Presently, dose estimates to the general population in the site vicinity are calculated annually using a five year meteorological database. Determining whether detailed monthly dose estimates are necessary or whether annual averaged data is sufficient offers the potential for more efficient dose prediction. In this study, off site collective committed doses and maximum individual doses due to atmospheric tritium releases were calculated according to the methods outlined in the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Regulatory Guide 1.109 and compared using monthly versus five-year meteorological data and source terms. Site-specific variables not currently utilized at SRS for annual dose estimates also have been included. In addition, the range of predicted doses, based on the distribution in model parameters given in the literature, were estimated. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to determine the influence of model inputs on dose estimates. Results corroborate previous studies by indicating that the primary contributor to infant tritium dose is the ingestion of milk, while for all other age groups, the most important pathway is the ingestion of vegetation. These relative pathway contributions remain constant throughout the year for infants; for children, teenagers, and adults, however, inhalation and absorption of tritium through the skin increases in relative importance in the months of June to September. It was found that the model utilized was most sensitive to dose factors, the ratio of the specific activity of tritium oxide in vegetation to the specific activity of atmospheric tritium oxide, and breathing rates. Most importantly, it was found that over a five-year period, the use of averaged meteorological data results in total individual doses that are only 2 to 6% higher than doses determined monthly, depending on the pathway of interest.