基于基础设施性能的资产管理策略(英文)

基础设施的可持续发展需要系统地研究包括资产管理在内的基础设施管理的各个相关方面。本文构建了基于基础设施性能的资产管理策略的框架,并详细讨论了其主要原则与关键内容。     

基于概率分析的应急交通救援需求预测模型

在开展应急救援需求特征分析的基础上,将需求分布问题归为管控条件下的运输优化问题,借鉴运筹学思想,建立基于运输问题的应急救援需求分布模型。其次,引入应急期限要求、通行能力约束、路径阻抗动态时变等影响因素,对运输问题模型进行改进。为便于求解,进一步将模型转化为基于概率分析的救援需求分阶段优化模型,该模型将车辆出行时间视为服从正态分布的随机变量,利用出行时间方差的调整反映不同阶段路径阻抗的变化,能够在满足救援响应时间的前提下,解得运输成本最小的需求矩阵。案例研究证明这个模型能够满足应急期限要求并刻画路径阻抗的动态时变特征,达到了预期效果。     

三峡工程开县移民安置环境系统的多目标优化决策

着重探讨运用多目标优化决策方法处理三峡工程开县移民问题。根据各目标在优化中不同的重要性,采用线性加权构造评价函数的方法取代通用的单一约束规划方法,并选用人均口粮、农业产值、水土保持和森林面积作为决策目标,从而提出了一个在多个目标之间协调优化、综合决策的估算模式;对模型的有效性进行了分析,井测算出开县农业生态环境对移民安置的承载能力,为寻求移民安置的优化方案提供科学依据,以使移民得以长治久安。     

环境保护投资择优标准及其辅助决策模型研究

指出了环境保护投资的优化是区域内相对最优而非点最优。从阐明环保投资与环境质量和环境经济效益之间的关系特征出发,提出新的环保投资择优标准,并给出了依据这一标准的辅助决策模型用于分析环保投资相对优化的问题。      

离散型多准则最优化决策模型在NEQDSS中的应用

离散型多准则最优化决策模型(简称DMODM)是解决由有限决策变量离散取值生成的、评价准则为多个的一类决策优化问题的模型。与目前常见的决策模型或方法相比,该模型具有适应性强、交互式过程、吸收决策者的参与以及离散性和求解速度快等特点。本文简要地介绍了该模型的原理及其两种求解方法,并具体描述了国家环境质量决策支持系统(简称NEQDSS)选择该模型的依据、决策过程、具体数学模型的选择与匹配、决策控制变量确定与取值,以及决策目标确定和交互式过程等应用情况。最后对该模型在NEQDSS中的应用效果作了总结评价。     

冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法

目的 通过自动寻优制定冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件,避免冲击“过试验”。方法 根据冲击响应谱的基本原理和谱型特征,提出利用对数距离量化评价2条谱型的吻合度。对冲击环境和后峰锯齿脉冲分别进行冲击响应谱分析,将2条冲击响应谱之间的对数距离最小作为优化目标,将后峰锯齿脉冲的波形参数作为优化参数,基于自适应差分进化算法,提出冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法。结果 将所提方法分别应用于模拟冲击环境和实测冲击环境,均获得了合理的后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件,验证了所提方法的正确性。结论 提出的基于自适应差分进化算法的冲击环境后峰锯齿脉冲试验条件自动寻优方法正确可行。     

centrifugal用热控装置设计

目的 评估飞行器产品在飞行过程对热–离心综合环境的适应性,研制一套热–离心综合环境试验用热控装置。方法 从热–离心试验需求出发,完成综合试验系统总体研制目标及系统方案设计。针对高g值离心环境（离心加速度值≥90g）下的热载荷加载需求,开展基于热传导的热载荷加载方法研究,并完成适用于高g值环境的热控装置硬件布局优化设计。提出基于分段包络思想的产品响应温度梯度分布效应模拟方法及实现,减少过试验考核。结果 利用该热控装置完成了热–离心综合环境功能验证试验,设置最大加速度为92g,保载时间为3 min,最高加热温度为150℃,最大温升速率为3℃/min,3温区控制,升温过程中,温度误差优于±1.5℃。结论 该热–离心综合环境试验用热控装置可用于飞行器产品热–离心综合环境试验的考核。     

Optimization of carbon dioxide absorption in a continuous bubble column reactor using response surface methodology

Carbon dioxide absorption using amine based solvents is a well-known approach for carbon dioxide removal. Especially with the increasing concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, there is a need for an optimization approach capable of multifactor calibration and prediction of interactions. Since conventional methods based on empirical relations are not efficiently applicable, this study investigates use of Response Surface Methodology as a strong optimization tool. A bubble column reactor was used and the effect of solvent concentration (10.0, 20.0 and 30.0 vol%), flow rate (4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 L min⁻¹), diffuser pore size (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mm) and temperature (20.0, 25.0 and 30.0°C) on the absorption capacity and also overall mass transfer coefficient was evaluated. The optimization results for maintaining maximum capacity and overall mass transfer coefficient revealed that different optimization targets led to different tuned operational factors. Overall mass transfer coefficient decreased to 34.7 min⁻¹ when the maximum capacity was the desired target. High reaction rate along with the highest absorption capacity was set as desirable two factor target in this application. As a result, a third scenario was designed to maximize both mass transfer coefficient and absorption capacity simultaneously. The optimized condition was achieved when a gas flow rate of 5.9 L min⁻¹, MEA solution of 29.6 vol%, diffuser pore size of 0.5 mm and temperature of 20.6°C was adjusted. At this condition, mass transfer coefficient reached a maximum of 38.4 min⁻¹, with a forecasted achievable absorption capacity of 120.5 g CO₂ per kg MEA.     

River Basin Export Reduction Optimization Support Tool; a tool to screen options for reducing nutrient loads while minimizing cost

Excess loading of nitrogen and phosphorus to river networks causes environmental harm, but reducing loads from large river basins is difficult and expensive. We developed a new tool, the River Basin Export Reduction Optimization Support Tool (RBEROST) to identify the least-cost combinations of management practices that will reduce nutrient loading to target levels in downstream and mid-network waterbodies. We demonstrate the utility of the tool in a case study in the Upper Connecticut River Basin in New England, USA. The total project cost of optimized lowest-cost plans ranged from $18.0 million to $41.0 million per year over 15 years depending on user specifications. Plans include both point source and non-point source management practices, and most costs are associated with urban stormwater practices. Adding a 2% margin of safety to loading targets improved the estimated probability of success from 37.5% to 99%. The large spatial scale of RBEROST, and the consideration of both point and non-point source contributions of nutrients, make it well suited as an initial screening tool in watershed planning.     

卫生填埋场防渗衬垫系统优化设计

根据已建卫生填埋场防渗衬垫设计的实践经验总结,指出垃圾卫生填埋场防渗衬垫设计应从结构稳定、污染防治、减压导排等几方面进行综合考虑。采用现代环境卫生技术和环境土工技术,对防渗衬垫系统进行优化设计,并将其应用至现代卫生填埋场防渗衬垫设计中。