泡沫铝填充结构救生舱多目标优化设计

为提高救生舱的安全性,设计了1种泡沫铝填充结构救生舱。利用Workbench对原型救生舱进行静力分析,以泡沫铝填充结构救生舱的内外板厚、泡沫铝厚、纵向和横向加强筋宽为设计变量,以原型救生舱的最大应力、最大位移以及模型质量为约束条件,以泡沫铝填充结构救生舱的静态最大应力、最大位移及质量为目标函数,分析各设计变量对目标函数的灵敏度并进行多目标优化设计;并利用数值仿真方法研究优化后的泡沫铝填充结构救生舱的抗爆炸冲击性能。结果表明:与传统救生舱相比,优化后的泡沫铝填充结构救生舱可以显著提高救生舱的静力及抗爆炸冲击能力,进而提高其安全性能。     

城市产业集中区环境性能评估体系的构建——基于北京市丰台区案例的探讨

城市产业集中区在推动城市产业发展和人口就业中发挥着重要作用,但其在发展过程中,对周边人口和环境带来的负面影响也越来越突出。鉴于现有研究对城市内部空间的环境效率研究不足,论文从环境性能的概念入手,结合产业集中区环境的复杂性、综合性特征,提出了包括社会经济贡献、环境负荷与环境风险3个维度的环境性能评估指标体系,并对污染源识别、空间单元选择等科学问题进行了探索。以北京市丰台区污染源普查数据、注册企业数据及风险源数据为数据基础,采取空间分析方法,定量评价其环境性能空间差异性。主要研究结果包括：提出了选取城市产业集中区环境性能评估空间单元的原则,并将丰台区划分为1 379个500 m×500 m格网单元,论证了环境性能评估的空间尺度效应,表明在更加精细的格网尺度上有利于探查局部空间分异格局;基于北京市丰台区案例,发现环境负荷高的地区主要集中在太平桥、方庄、西罗园、马家堡等东北部街道;环境性能低值区具有明显的中心城区指向、沿快速环路分布和批发市场指向等特征;根据评估结果建议从产业布局、定点管理、生态空间设置以及人口调控等方面为实施精细化的环境空间管控提供依据。     

基于时间可达性的土地整治道路布局研究

科学合理布局土地整治项目中的道路,能有效提高农户田间耕作出行便捷性和提升土地整治项目的满意度。以江西省樟树市阁山镇为研究区域,通过调研及数据收集,获取农户田间耕作出行方式数据,地形、地貌和土地利用现状数据,野外采样、室内化验得到耕地样点养分数据。借助ArcGIS 10.2软件平台,处理得到研究区时间可达性分布图;选取土地覆盖、地形、现状道路和耕地质量等4方面影响因素和8个影响因子,建立土地整治田间道路布局适宜性评价指标体系,生成土地整治田间道路布局适宜性分布图;最终形成土地整治田间道路布局优化方案。研究结果表明：基于农户田间耕作出行方式的调研数据得到的项目区可达性分布情况为土地整治田间道路布局优化方案提供了重要依据;GIS技术提高了土地整治道路布局优化方案的空间准确性;道路布局优化方案既方便了农户出行,又注重对耕地质量的保护。     

突发事件系统优化管理

首先对突发事件类型及要素进行了分析,认为突发事件是由孕育环境、突发事件、社会冲击场三者组成,其最大属性是作用时间的快慢和空间影响范围的大小;其次,对突发事件管理进行探讨,认为突发事件管理涉及致灾因子、社会承灾体、以及监测和预报评估等多方面,对这些方面进行优化设计,可以提高整个突发事件管理系统日常运行和应急效率.     

基于目标规划模型的大连市水资源承载力分析

结合“大大连”建设的规划和“十五”及2010年远景规划,选取了人口、国内生产总值、公共绿地面积三个决策变量建立目标规划模型,采取3种方案对大连市水资源承载力进行预测,通过对预测结果的分析并结合水资源承载力的特点提出增强水资源承载力的方案:以可持续发展的观点来设计城市发展规划;调整和改造产业结构;改变城市绿化结构;兴修水利,发展节水技术达到水资源可持续利用。     

Selecting suitable sites for animal waste application using a raster GIS

Rapid growth of intensive animal industries in southeast Queensland, Australia, has led to large volumes of animal waste production, which posses serious environmental problems in the Murray Darling Basin (MDB). This study presents a method of selecting sites for the safe application of animal waste as fertiliser to agricultural land. A site suitability map for the Westbrook subcatchment within the MDB was created using a geographic information system (GIS)-based weighted linear combination (WLC) model. The factors affecting the suitability of a site for animal waste application were selected, and digital data sets derived from up to 1:50,000 scale maps were acquired. After initial preprocessing, digital data sets were clipped to the size of the delineated subcatchment boundary producing input factors. These input factors were weighted using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) that employed an objectives-oriented comparison (OOC) technique to formulate the pairwise comparison matrix. The OOC technique, which is capable of deriving factor weight independently, formulated the weight derivation process by making it more logical and systematic. The factor attributes were classified into multiple classes and weighted using the AHP. The effects of the number of input factors and factor weighting on the areal extent and the degree of site suitability were examined. Due to the presence of large nonagricultural and residential areas in the subcatchment, only 16% of the area was found suitable for animal waste application. The areal extent resulting from this site suitability assessment was found to be dependent on the areal constraints imposed on each input factor, while the degree of suitability was principally a function of the weight distribution between the factors.     

基于模糊BP神经网络的深基坑支护方案优选

介绍了深基坑支护方案优选模型的建立过程及其实例分析。基于深基坑支护方案优选影响因素的模糊性和因素之间的关联性,笔者将模糊优选理论与神经网络理论相结合,在详细分析深基坑支护方案优选影响因素的基础上,建立了4层深基坑支护方案模糊BP优选神经网络模型,提出了模型参数和方案优选反馈计算的方法。应用该方法对北京市某广场大厦的基坑支护方案进行了分析,实例结果表明,采用该方法所进行的深基坑支护方案优选,获得令人满意的效果,是一种值得推广的方法。     

POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CHANGES IN WATER AVAILABILITY ON AGRICULTURE IN THE TRUCKEE AND CARSON RIVER BASINS,NEVADA, USA1

ABSTRACT: Effects of climate change are likely to be detected in nearly all sectors and regions of the economy, with both winners and losers. One of the consequences of climatic changes could be altered regional water supplies. This paper presents an investigation of regional agricultural implications of changes in water availability. Specifically, using a profit maximization approach, the economic consequences of altered water availability in the Great Basin of Nevada are analyzed in terms of the effects on net returns of agricultural producers. Under the scenarios analyzed in this paper, it is found that with adequate water systems, increase in streamflow and consequent increase in water availability could significantly benefit agricultural producers of this region. Net returns to irrigators could increase by 8 to 13 percent, not taking into account the possibility of changes in crop yields and prices. It is also shown that the benefits from increased water availability are sensitive to likely crop yield and price changes. The potential for adverse effects of climatic changes on water supply is also considered by analyzing the effects of decreased water availability. Under decreased water availability scenarios, farmer net returns decrease substantially.     

COMPROMISE PROGRAMMING METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING INSTREAM FLOW UNDER MULTIOBJECTIVE WATER ALLOCATION CRITERIA1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a quantitative assessment framework for determining the instream flow under multiobjective water allocation criteria. The Range of Variability Approach (RVA) is employed to evaluate the hydrologic alterations caused by flow diversions, and the resulting degrees of alteration for the 32 Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHAs) are integrated as an overall degree of hydrologic alteration. By including this index in the objective function, it is possible to optimize the water allocation scheme using compromise programming to minimize the hydrologic alteration and water supply shortages. The proposed methodology is applied to a case study of the Kaoping diversion weir in Taiwan. The results indicate that the current release of 9.5 m³/s as a minimum instream flow does not effectively mitigate the highly altered hydrologic regime. Increasing the instream flow would reduce the overall degree of hydrologic alteration; however, this is achieved at the cost of increasing the water supply shortages. The effects on the optimal instream flow of the weighting factors assigned to water supplies and natural flow variations are also investigated. With equal weighting assigned to the multiple objectives, the optimal instream flow of 26 m³/s leads to a less severely altered hydrologic regime, especially for those low‐flow characteristics, thereby providing a better protection of the riverine environment.     

矿井通风系统优化调节研究

采用"征求专家评议法"和"相对重要性序列法"确定矿井通风系统的评价指标及其权值,并用多级模糊综合评判法对初拟的矿井通风系统改造方案进行解算,按照最大隶属度法确定最优解,找出最优的矿井通风系统改造方案.为便于分析计算,开发了相应的计算机应用程序,实现了智能化、系统化、信息化矿井通风管理,并以协庄煤矿为例进行了实际应用.