Ecological state equation

The direct equivalence between ecology and thermodynamics has not been attained despite accepted thermodynamic features of the ecosystem. This article explores the homeomorphism between ecology and statistical mechanics by analysis of ruderal vegetation. In conventional thermostatistical algorithm, the pro-kinetic effect of temperature on molecules was replaced by the anti-kinetic effect of species diversity on biological individuals. The existence of an ecological equivalent of the thermodynamic Boltzmann constant was empirically verified. From the relationship of this constant with biocenological variables, we derived a probable ecological equation of state under stationary and quasi-stationary conditions. This equation of state is homeomorphic with regard to the ideal gas state equation, and it is useful to infer the value of some biocenological parameters whose direct measurement is difficult, as biomass, energy and dispersal. According to these results, ecosystem assessment from conventional thermostatistics is plausible and empirically verifiable. This approach offers useful analytical tools for the conservation and restoration of ecosystems.     

Costs and prices for renewable energy development in industrialized countries and applications to China

Developing renewable energy is now becoming a hot topic as it is important in dealing with climate change issue and energy supply issue. With the growing demand of energy, it has become urgent to develop the effective policies and measures that would enable people to maintain the living standards. Among all the measures, price is an essential one. In order to evaluate the costs and prices of the electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) and their effects to the market, this paper firstly focus on the extra costs of the RES-E by breaking it into four parts, including investment, construction, connection and operation. Then, the policy choices made in some typical industrialized countries are examined to find answers to the problems RES-E can raise. Finally, the choices made in China are examined in comparison to industrialized countries so as to determine how the current situation could be improved.     

安徽省近10年能源足迹测度及驱动因子分析

安徽省为生态建设省,随着中部崛起战略与皖江城市带承接产业转移示范区建设的实施,能源消费给当地生态环境形成了较大压力. 依据生态足迹模型对安徽省2000—2009年能源足迹进行了时间序列测度,基于STIRPAT模型揭示了能源足迹驱动因子的边际贡献,运用灰色GM(1,1)模型预测了2015年与2020年能源足迹. 结果表明:安徽省人均能源足迹由2000年的0500 8 hm2增至2009年的1043 5 hm2,人均能源足迹赤字由2000年的0432 9 hm2扩至2009年的0975 5 hm2;煤炭足迹对能源足迹平均贡献率为7629%,占主导地位;能源足迹强度由2000年的1083 3 hm2104元降至2009年的0704 7 hm2104元;研究时段内,能源足迹生态压力指数均大于5 人均GDP和第二产业在经济中所比例均与能源足迹呈正相关,二者边际弹性系数分别为0000 073 57和0006;而单位工业增加值能耗与能源足迹呈负相关,其边际弹性系数为-0186.      

饱水煤样巴西劈裂强度和能量特征试验研究

针对赵固二矿二1煤层煤样在自然和饱水状态下进行巴西劈裂试验,分析了饱水对煤体劈裂强度和能量特征的影响。试验结果表明:加载过程采用载荷控制时峰值前拉应力与时间呈良好线性关系,达到峰值后应力瞬间跌落为零,表现出明显脆性破坏特征;采用位移控制时峰值前拉应力与时间呈非线性关系,峰值后出现分次破坏特征,但两种控制方式在试验破坏前没有本质区别;并得出两种状态下煤样抗拉强度和峰值能率存在差异,自然状态下抗拉强度为1.52MPa,峰值能率为881J/m2,但饱水后,煤样抗拉强度平均软化系数为0.65,平均峰值能率降幅为36.0%;两种状态下煤样抗拉强度与峰值能率大致呈线性关系,表明煤样抗拉强度越高,需要更多能量才能使煤样劈裂破坏。     

基于TLSER和QSPR关系预测PAHs和PCBs的LDPE膜-空气分配系数

有机污染物在被动采样材料与环境介质之间的平衡分配系数(K_P),是测定环境中有机污染物浓度的重要参数,但K_P值大部分都需要经过繁琐的实验测定获取,无法逐个测定数量繁多的污染物,因此需开发一种预测K_P值的方法。为此,搜集整理了一些多环芳香烃(PAHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)-空气分配系数(K_PA)的实测值,基于理论线性溶解能(TLSER)和定量结构性质关系(QSPR),利用逐步多元线性回归(MLR)分别构建了预测K_PA值的模型。模型的决定系数R2adj分别为0.927和0.956,交叉验证系数Q2LOO分别为0.915和0.946,外部系数Q2ext分别为0.913和0.960。结果表明,2种模型具有良好的拟合优度、稳健性和预测能力,并解释了模型的机理。所构建的2种模型均可用来预测应用域内有机污染物的LDPE膜-空气分配系数。     

能源安全综合评价方法探讨

能源安全是指一个国家或地区可以获取稳定、足量、经济、清洁的能源供给,以满足需求,保障经济社会稳健运行和持续、协调发展的能力和状态。它可用加权综合模型计算得来的"能源安全度"指数进行描述,取值范围最高为1,最低为0,分值越高越安全。研究表明,现实情景下,我国能源安全度平均为0.712 5,处于"基本安全"状态。未来发展规划得当,措施得力,到2020年、2030年能源安全度可提高到0.841 1、0.847 7,进入"安全"区间。若遇针对我国的能源封锁,则能源安全度可能会降至0.552 0的"不安全"区间。解决我国能源安全问题的关键,主要是增加战略储备、实行供应多元化、加强地质勘查、发展替代能源、提高能源效益,而且能源外交也要摆在显著位置。     

中国各区域秸秆资源可能源化利用的潜力分析

在我国能源需求迅速增长并日益依赖国际市场的背景下,能源化利用秸秆资源是我国缓解能源短缺的重要选择之一。论文在综合相关研究成果的基础上,对我国不同区域农作物秸秆可能源化利用的潜力及资源密度进行了分析。研究表明,2009年中国农作物秸秆理论资源量为7.48×10⁸ t,可获得资源量为6.34×10⁸ t,可能源化利用量为1.52×10⁸ t。中国可能源化利用秸秆资源区域分布极不均匀。长江中下游、东北、华北等区域可能源化利用秸秆潜力较大,分别为0.42×10⁸、 0.37×10⁸和0.35×10⁸ t,青藏高原、黄土高原和西南可能源化利用秸秆资源潜力较低。根据各区域可能源化利用秸秆资源密度,论文对不同省份建造较大规模秸秆发电企业或燃料乙醇企业的适宜性进行了分析。     

马鞍山市住宅冬季能耗调查

对马鞍山市60户住宅冬季能耗进行了问卷调查,分析了住宅建筑、采暖设备等的内容与特点,统计了冬季电、天然气和水的消耗,得出马鞍山市住宅冬季能耗相关指标;并比较了马鞍山市与长沙、上海等城市住宅的能耗调查结果,比较结果表明：虽然马鞍山市冬季平均能耗比同气候地区的大城市低,但采暖电耗并不比大城市低。     

有机肥与化肥的生产能耗、投入成本和环境效益比较分析——以污泥堆肥生产有机肥为例

针对目前国内肥料生产和施用现状,分别从能耗、成本和污染物排放等三个方面对有机肥和化肥进行比较分析。化肥生产呈现高能耗和高污染排放,而有机肥则表现为低能耗、无污染的特点,同时还可消纳废弃物,减轻污染负荷。从投入成本上分析,化肥相对于有机肥具有一定优势,其单位面积和折纯养分投入分别是有机肥的53%和26%。有机肥相对于化肥,其污染物排放负荷很低。从节能减排和降低投入的角度,提出支持基于废弃物资源化的有机肥产业化发展。     

Validation of Methods for Determination of Metabolic Rate in the Edholm Scale and ISO 8996

The aim of this study was to validate the Edholm scale (Edholm, 1966) and the ISO 8996 standard (International Organization for Standardization [ISO], 1990) by comparing the metabolic rates estimated for both methods with the actual measured metabolic rate (M_Meas) in 6 manual material handling tasks simulated under laboratory conditions. The metabolic rate was calculated from oxygen consumption VO₂ (19 participants) according to Standard No. ISO 8996 (ISO, 1990). Additionally, the participants estimated perceived exertion using the Borg scale. The metabolic rates derived from the Edholm scale (M_Edh) overestimated 5 of 6 activities by 34-50% (α = .05). The metabolic rates derived from ISO 8996 (M_ISO) overestimated all activities by 7-38% (α =.05).