兽用抗生素磺胺二甲嘧啶对麦田NH3挥发的影响

为了研究磺胺类兽药抗生素对麦田NH₃挥发的影响,采用了田间原位观测试验,对比分析了不同浓度磺胺二甲嘧啶（SMZ）在不同氮肥类型条件下对麦田NH₃挥发的影响.试验共设9个处理,分别为：无氮肥无抗生素（CK）;复合肥为基肥,分别加施0,5,15,30mg/kg土的磺胺二甲嘧啶处理（CF、CF+SMZ5、CF+SMZ15、CF+SMZ30）;猪粪为基肥,分别加施0,5,15,30mg/kg土的磺胺二甲嘧啶处理（CM、CM+SMZ5、CM+SMZ15、CM+SMZ30）.所有施肥处理追肥均为尿素.结果表明：基肥阶段各处理之间的NH₃挥发速率无显著差异（P > 0.05）,追肥阶段各处理之间有极显著差异（P<0.01）,中高浓度SMZ表现为明显的促进作用（P<0.05）.整个观测期,CF、CF+SMZ5、CF+SMZ15、CF+SMZ30和CM、CM+SMZ5、CM+SMZ15、CM+SMZ30处理的NH₃-N损失百分比分别为5.5%、6.6%、13.9%、10.7%、11.0%、12.4%、11.9%、16.9%,其中CF+SMZ15、CF+SMZ30和CM+SMZ30处理显著增加了NH₃-N挥发累积量（P<0.05）,其导致的NH₃-N损失比分别是同种基肥零抗生素添加的2.5、2.0和1.5倍,表明磺胺二甲嘧啶与复合肥的混施对土壤NH₃挥发的促进效应要高于与猪粪的同步混施.兽药抗生素对土壤NH₃挥发的影响不容忽视.因此,需大力加强对兽药抗生素的管控,并进一步探明不同兽药抗生素对土壤NH₃挥发的影响机制,为减缓兽用抗生素的环境污染生态效应作支撑.     

生物炭配施缓控释肥对稻田田面水氮素动态变化及径流流失的影响

在太湖流域,通过田间试验研究了控释肥(CRF)、生物炭配施控释肥(BC+CRF)、生物炭配施稳定性肥(BC+SF)、生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥(BC+CRF+SF)4种施肥处理对稻田田面水p H、氮素动态变化、氮素径流流失的影响.结果表明,田面水平均p H介于5.64~8.15,生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥田面水p H降低3.16%~4.48%.田面水平均全氮(TN)质量浓度介于19.05~25.23 mg·L~(-1),生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥田面水TN质量浓度显著降低4.75%~6.58%.田面水无机氮素以铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)为主,NH_4~+-N和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)平均质量浓度分别介于0.01~17.26 mg·L~(-1)和0.24~3.11mg·L~(-1).与单施控释肥相比,各处理田面水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N质量浓度分别显著降低35.89%~48.78%和20.54%~37.01%.生物炭配施稳定性肥显著降低了田面水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N质量浓度,有效减少无机氮素径流流失风险.TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N径流流失量分别介于16.24~18.09、1.76~2.22、0.76~1.38 kg·hm~(-2).与单施控释肥相比,各处理TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N径流流失均有不同程度削减.生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥显著削减了氮素径流流失,有效降低区域稻田氮素面源污染风险.     

湘南水田施用硝态氮肥的土壤生态学效应

水田施用硝态氮肥，长期以来被人们视为禁区．我们于１９９０—１９９１年在中国农业科学院红壤实验站的田间试验结果表明：和铵态氮肥（氯化铵）相比，水田施用硝态氮能够提高土壤ｐＨ及速效磷和有效钾的含量，有利于晚稻收获后冬季绿肥作物的生长。但在水稻生长期间，钾和氮的流失较多，易于污染生态环境，也不利于土壤肥力的进一步提高．     

一种新型有机肥和蔬菜专用肥的施用效果

蔬菜施用一种添加了NPK增效剂的新型有机肥和蔬菜专用肥比习惯施用鸡粪有机肥和进口复合肥的增产21．9％，达极显著水平；但施用新型有机肥的不同基肥量对单造蔬菜生产的影响未达显著水平，对单造菜心产量贡献最大的基肥施用量是1233．6g／m^2。研究表明这种NPK增效剂作为肥料生产助剂具有很好的经济效应。     

有机无机肥料对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响研究初报

研究有机无机肥料对土壤肥力及作物产量的影响．５年的定位监测结果表明，施无机Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ结合冬蔬菜残茎叶还田，不但能增加作物产量和提高经济效益．而且还能培肥土壤．而无机肥料加猪粪或冬绿肥还田的增产效果及土壤培肥效果与全无机肥相近．稻秆还田是增加土壤有机质的一项比较明显的有效措前，这一结论得到了再次验证．施用有机肥料可以增加土壤有效态微量元素的含量．     

Case Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Emissions from Paddy Field in Taihu Region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha^–1 for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha^–1, in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha^–1in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha^–1, distributed as 1.16 kg ha^–1 in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha^–1 in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH₄-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO₃-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

华北地区旱田土壤氧化亚氮的排放

在１９９１－１９９３年间用封闭罩测定了对照田、施肥田Ｎ２Ｏ的排放量。结果表明，Ｎ２Ｏ通量显示出时、空变化规律。对照田，施尿素田和施混合肥田（尿素加有机肥）Ｎ２Ｏ排放量分别是１．０３±０．４ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ２ａ；１．９１±０．６ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ２ａ和２．１１±１．０ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ２ａ．尿素和混合肥释放Ｎ２Ｏ系数分别为０．２９％和０．３５％。由土壤含水量，土壤温度和速效氮浓度等土壤变量建立了Ｎ２Ｏ排放的统计模式。     

Scenarios of animal waste production and fertilizer use and associated ammonia emission for the developing countries

Livestock production and the use of synthetic fertilizer are responsible for about half of the global emission of NH₃. Depending on the animal category between 10 and 36% of the N in animal excreta is lost as NH₃. The current annual NH₃ emission in developing countries of 15 million ton N accounts for of the global emission from animal excreta. In addition, 7.2 million tons NH₃N of synthetic N fertilizers are lost as NH₃ in developing countries. This is 80% of the global NH₃ emission from synthetic fertilizer's use. Along with human population increase and economic growth, livestock production in developing countries may even increase by a factor of 3 between now and 2025. The net result of rapid increase of livestock production combined with higher efficiency is an increase in NH₃ emissions of only 60% from 15 to 24 million tons NH₃N between 1990 and 2025 in developing countries. Livestock production is an important consumer of feedstuffs, mainly cereals, thereby inducing additional demand for synthetic fertilizers. Despite the projected major increase of synthetic fertilizer use from 42 to 106 million ton N between 1990 and 2025, the NH₃ loss in developing countries may decrease if a shift towards other fertilizer types, that are less vulnerable to NH₃ volatilization, is realized. According to the scenario, the total emission of NH₃ associated with food production in developing countries will increase from 22 to 30 million ton N yr⁻¹ between 1990 and 2025. Although the NH₃ emission increases more slowly than food production, in particular, animal production may show geographic concentration in certain regions, which may lead to high local emission densities and associated environmental problems.     

Regional monitoring of lead and cadmium contamination in a tropical grazing land site,Thailand

An investigation was carried out to monitor Pb and Cd contamination in grazing land located near a highway. Environmental media at different distances fromhighway (soil, grass, water, cow's forage, fertilizer,manure and milk samples) were collected from three samplinglocations. Soil and grass were characterized by high metalmobility (soil with Pb: 5.25±0.71–14.59±1.17 mgkg^-1, dry mass and Cd: 0.038–0.33±0.04 mg kg^-1, dry mass and grass with Pb: 0.76±0.05–6.62±0.18 mg kg^-1, dry mass and Cd: 0.17±0.01–0.73±0.09 mg kg^-1, dry mass). One-way analysis of variane (ANOVA) was applied to find out the correlation between metal (total and bioavailable) concentrationsin the soil and the distance from roadside. In most cases, the finding showed that plants growing nearer to the highway are usually exposed to more heavy metal accumulations than those awayfrom the highway. In addition, a correlation was established between plant available metal concentrations and plant metaluptake concentrations.Analysis of fertilizer and manure showed considerable amountof metals (fertilizer with Pb: 1.53±0.06 mg kg^-1 andCd: 0.038 mg kg^-1 and manure with Pb: 2.55–3.34 mgkg^-1 and Cd: 0.14–0.31 mg kg^-1). Long termsimultaneous application of fertilizer and manure on thecommercial farm showed higher metal accumulation in the soiland plants than those of co-operative farm Considerableconcentrations of metals (Pb: 1.60–2.94 mg kg^-1 andCd: 0.025–0.19 mg kg^-1) were observed in fodder. The finding clearly demonstrated that there are seasonalvariation in total daily metal intake by individual cow (Pb:109.37 mg day^-1 (dry), 273.47 mg day^-1 (rainy) andCd: 2.02 mg day^-1 (dry), 19.62 mg day^-1 (rainy)).The provisional tolerable weekly intake of heavy metals incows is 390 g Pb and 28 g Cd per kg bodyweight in the rainy season and 156 g Pb and 2 gCd per kg body weight in the dry season. The levels of metals (Pb: 0.014 mg L^-1 and Cd: not detectable) and bio-transferfactor (10^-5–10^-4) in raw milk were found to be well below the Codex Alimentarius Commissions Draft (1997). Ouranalysis revealed that improvements on farm management give significant reduction in elevated levels of Pb and Cdin soil and plants, and however leads to minimize the amountof Pb and Cd in consumed milk.