Highly degradable chitosan-montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposite hydrogel for controlled fertilizer release

● A controlled-release fertilizer was developed based on chitosan biopolymer scaffold. ● Chitosan-MMT scaffold achieved a well-controlled nutrient release. ● Highly water-absorbing chitosan-MMT hydrogels enhanced the soil water retention. ● Physically crosslinked chitosan-MMT hydrogels exhibited excellent degradability. Fertilizer consumption is increasing drastically along with the rapid expansion of farming in response to the ever-growing population. However, a significant portion of the nutrients in traditional fertilizers is lost during leaching and runoff causing economic loss and environmental threats. Polymer-modified controlled-release fertilizers provide an opportunity for mitigating adverse environmental effects and increasing the profitability of crop production. Here, we present a cheap and easy-to-fabricate controlled-release fertilizer excipient based on hydrogels scaffolded by safe and biodegradable chitosan and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclays. By introducing elastic and flexible physical crosslinking induced by 2-dimensional (2D) MMT nanoflakes into the chitosan hydrogel, highly swellable and degradable chitosan-MMT nanocomposites were fabricated. The addition of MMT into the chitosan hydrogels enhanced the total release of phosphorous (P) and potassium (K), from 22.0 % to 94.9 % and 9.6% to 31.4 %, respectively, compared to the pure chitosan gel. The chitosan-MMT nanocomposite hydrogel achieved a well-controlled overall fertilizer release in soil. A total of 55.3 % of loaded fertilizer was released over 15 d with a daily release of 2.8 %. For the traditional fertilizer podwer, 89.2 % of the fertilizer was washed out during the first irrigation under the same setup. In the meantime, the nanocomposites improved the water retention of the soil, thanks to its excellent water absorbency. Moreover, the chitosan-MMT nanocomposite hydrogels exhibited high degradation of 57 % after swelling in water for 20 d. Such highly degradable fertilizer excipient poses minimal threat to the long-term fertility of the soil. The engineered Chitosan-MMT biopolymer scaffold as a controlled-release fertilizer excipient provides a promising opportunity for advancing sustainable agriculture.     

污水厂污泥快速干化焚烧及制肥新工艺

为解决污水处理厂污泥成灾的问题,本文阐述了一种将城市污水厂的有机生污泥与干化污泥、辅料一次混拌配料,再经过特制的螺杆挤压造粒机造粒,经过烘干机快速烘干制肥的工艺。该工艺可生产出符合国家标准的颗粒状有机复合肥,该肥料已在公园、草坪绿化中获得应用,具备产业化推广前景。     

污水厂污泥堆肥及制作化肥技术研究与应用

利用污水处理厂脱水后的污泥,经粉煤灰水分调节后进入动态堆肥装置,好氧发酵成为性状良好的腐殖颗粒,然后经过一定工艺制成一种有机-无机复合化肥,其N、P、K含量达到25%,有机质含量大于30%,含水量小于10%,pH值6～8.将化肥用在农田的水稻种植,水稻的亩产量增产11.4%,各项指标均符合国家标准.     

污水厂污泥堆肥及制作复合化肥技术与应用

污水处理厂污泥脱水后,加入粉煤灰调节含水率,然后在发酵罐中好氧发酵,使污泥熟化,含水率进一步减少,并且杀灭污泥中的有害微生物。堆肥后的污泥与秸杆、化肥混合制成一种复合化肥,将化肥用在农田的水稻种植,水稻的亩产量增产11.4%,各项指标均符合国家标准。     

Assessment and Treatment of Hydrocarbon Inundated Soils Using Inorganic Nutrient (N-P-K) Supplements: II. A Case Study of Eneka Oil Spillage in Niger Delta, Nigeria

Polluted soils from Eneka oil field in the Niger delta region of Nigeria were collected two months after recorded incidence of oil spillage as part of a two-site reclamation programme. The soils were taken on the second day of reconnaissance from three replicate quadrats, at surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–30 cm) depths, using the grid sampling technique. Total extractable hydrocarbon content (THC) of the polluted soils ranged from 1.006×10³–5.540× 10⁴ mg/kg at surface and subsurface depths (no overlap in Standard Errors at 95% Confidence Level). Greenhouse trials for possible reclamation were later carried out using (NH₄)₂SO₄, KH₂PO₄ and KCl (N-P-K) fertilizer as nutrient supplements. Nitrogen as NO₃-N and potassium were optimally enhanced at 2% (w/w) and 3% (w/w) of the N-P-K supplementation respectively. Phosphorus, which was inherently more enhanced in the soils than the other nutrients, maintained same level impact after 20 g treatment with the N-P-K fertilizer. Total organic carbon (%TOC), total organic matter (%TOM), pH and % moisture content all provided evidence of enhanced mineralization in the fertilizer treated soils. If reclamation of the crude oil inundated soils is construed as the return to normal levels of metabolic activities of the soils, then the application of the inorganic fertilizers at such prescribed levels would duly accelerate the remediation process. This would be, however, limited to levels of pollution empirically defined by such THC values obtained in this study. The data on the molecular compositional changes of the total petroleum hydrocarbon content (TPH) of the spilled-oil showed the depletion of the fingerprints of the n-paraffins, nC₈–nC₁₀, and complete disappearance of C₁₂–C₁₇ as well as the acyclic isoprenoid, pristane, all of which provided substantial evidence of degradation.     

氮肥厂环境评价中卫生防护距离的确定

在氮肥厂环境评价中,确定卫生防护距离是非常必要的,而相关的研究、介绍却较少.通过实例分析,介绍了氮肥厂卫生防护距离计算方法、原则和步骤,采用地面浓度反推法,计算出污染物的无组织排放量,对其中有关参数进行了取舍,从而确定出卫生防护距离,并提出了现有计算方法的不足和需要改进的方面.     

Recovering humic substances from the dewatering effluent of thermally treated sludge and its performance as an organic fertilizer

The biologic treatment of the dewatering effluent from thermally treated sludge is difficult due to the high concentration of refractory humic substances. On the other hand, humic substances are an important source of organic fertilizer. In this study, a novel process using ferric coagulant was developed to recover humic substances from dewatering effluent for use as an organic fertilizer. When ferric coagulant was applied to raw dewatering effluent, up to 70% of humic substances were enmeshed by hydrolyzed ferric ions at an optimum pH of 4.5. The proper mass ratio of iron ions to humic substances was 0.6. In the recovered material, humic substances accounted for 24.2% of the total dry solids, and the amount of phosphorus (equivalent phosphorus pentoxide) was 6.2%. Heavy metals and other components all met the legal requirements for organic fertilizer. When the recovered material was applied to soybeans, the germination and growth of the seeds was significantly improved.     

四川省农业环境因素-化肥施用(1998～2007年)宏观动态变化

化肥的大量施用已成为农村面源污染的一个重要来源,直接影响到农村村镇地表饮用水安全。通过分析四川省1998~2007年化肥施用量、农作物产量和农业劳动力的动态变化特征,发现10年间化肥总用量由205.32万t上升到238.2万t,总体上升16.0%;农作物播种面积由971.44万hm2下降至935.1万hm2,总体下降3.74%;粮食总产量和单产量均呈整体震荡减少,化肥施用相对生产力在下降。综合相关因素,分析认为粮食生产、农产品结构、现代农业生产技术、农业肥料资源和农村劳动力状况,以及城市化发展都是化肥施用量动态变化的主要关联因素。化肥用量上升趋势还将持续一段时间。     

农田固碳措施对温室气体减排影响的研究进展

农田是CO2,CH4和N2O三种温室气体的重要排放源,在全球范围内农业生产活动贡献了约14%的人为温室气体排放量,以及58%的人为非CO2排放,不合理的农田管理措施强化了农田温室气体排放源特征,弱化了农田固碳作用。土壤碳库作为地球生态系统中最活跃的碳库之一,同时也是温室气体的重要源/汇。研究表明通过采取合理的农田管理措施,既可起到增加土壤碳库、减少温室气体排放的目的,又能提高土壤质量。农田土壤碳库除受温度、降水和植被类型的影响外,还在很大程度上受施肥量、肥料类型、秸秆还田量、耕作措施和灌溉等农田管理措施的影响。本文通过总结保护性耕作/免耕,秸秆还田,氮肥管理,水分管理,农学及土地利用变化等农田管理措施,探寻增强农田土壤固碳作用,减少农田温室气体排放的合理途径。农田碳库的稳定/增加,对于保证全球粮食安全与缓解气候变化趋势具有双重的积极意义。在我国许多有关土壤固碳与温室气体排放的研究尚不系统或仅限于短期研究,这也为正确评价各种固碳措施对温室气体排放的影响增加了不确定性。     

田间条件下生物炭与化肥配施对土壤氮磷纵向迁移、结球生菜产量品质及土壤微生物数量的影响

为探讨生物炭对农田化肥面源污染的防控效果,本文以北运河流域(北京段)下游"上壤下砂"、施肥量大、易漏水漏肥菜田为研究对象,分析了田间条件下不同用量生物炭配合化肥底施和施炭基肥对土壤氮磷纵向迁移、结球生菜产量品质及土壤微生物数量的影响.结果表明:与单施化肥(T1)相比,①化肥配施生物炭750 kg·hm-2(T2)、22...