水葫芦压榨液厌氧发酵及其发酵液对青菜种子发芽和生长的影响

研究了水葫芦压榨液厌氧发酵过程物质的变化,分析了水葫芦压榨液的发酵液(简称发酵液)对青菜种子发芽及后续生长的影响.结果表明,厌氧发酵能显著降低压榨液中的COD,在厌氧发酵结束时,COD从5 377.0mg/L下降到730.0mg/L,下降86.4%;TN从126.6 mg/L下降到79.7 mg/L,氮素流失37.0%,且主要发生在厌氧发酵初期;TP从31.1 mg/L下降到25.0 mg/L,下降19.6%;发酵液中悬浮物(SS)和可溶性固体(DS)分别下降到719、600 mg/L.分别用蒸馏水、水葫芦压榨液和各阶段的发酵液(发酵时间分别为6、20、27、30 d)进行青菜种子发芽试验(历时10 d),平均发芽率分别达到79%、54%、51%、82%、87%、89%.在10 d的青菜苗生长时间内,平均苗高与发酵时间呈显著正相关,说明发酵液具有作为植物液体肥料使用的潜力.     

四川省农业生产环境因素-化肥施用状况宏观分析

本文首次提出“区域化肥施用负荷”、“化肥施用相对生产力”、“化肥施用相对适宜度”等概念及研究方法,用于四川省化肥施用状况宏观分析。四川全省化肥施用量F=228．86kg／hm^2,全省21个市州中自贡、攀枝花、德阳、绵阳、遂宁、眉山、雅安和巴中等8个市F〉250kg／hm^2,其中攀枝花市达到457kg／hm^2;全省5个农业区中,成都平原区F值最高,达285．63kg／hm^2。四川省化肥施用负荷H=4704kg／km^2,自贡、德阳、遂宁、内江等4市H值是全省H值4倍以上,自贡、遂宁2市甚至达5倍以上;成都平原区、盆地丘陵区H值分别是17491kg／km^2和16309kg／km^2,远远高于其他地区。全省化肥施用相对生产力R=20．26kg,攀枝花市R=12．11kg,是全省最低的;盆地丘陵区R=20．16kg,其余地区R值均高于全省的。全省近10年平均化肥施用相对适宜度T=3．19作为评价基准,攀枝花市T=5．22,是全省最高的,属化肥施用高度过量;各农业区中,盆地丘陵区T=3．47,盆周山地区T=3．28,属化肥施用轻度过量,其余地区基本适宜。     

施肥对土壤硝态氮含量及分布的影响及合理施肥研究

通过3 a 6季作物收获后测定不同施肥方式下潮土1 m土层中的硝态氮,结果表明无论是0～20 cm、80～100 cm还是0～100 cm土层,其硝态氮含量顺序均是N＞NK＞NP＞NPK＞SNPK＞MNPK;0～20 cm土层中硝态氮相对值随降雨量增大而减小,降水量大则硝态氮向下淋溶较多;施有机肥或秸秆还田有减轻淋溶的作用。0～60 cm土层中硝态氮相对值在测定时期及处理之间差异均不显著。     

沙田柚系列专用肥对柚果产量和品质的影响

报道了沙田柚产区土壤养分状况、沙田柚营养需求特性和叶片与果实对营养元素吸收的季节性变化模式、沙田柚果实品质指标与各时期树体营养元素含量的相关性,以及磷肥活化剂的使用。分析了沙田柚产量和品质提高的因素。研制出了沙田柚系列专用肥,并探讨了其使用的效果和经济效益。     

关于化肥对土壤的污染及有效治理举措阐述

化肥是现在农业之中常被用来提高农产品产量和质量的重要物资。但是长期使用化肥,会对土壤造成较大危害。严重的话可能影响到当地的粮食产量。化肥的大量使用还可能会使当地的水体受到一定的影响,如水体污染、富营养化等,不利于水中生物的生存。本文从对于化肥使用控制的意义,化肥对土壤产生的影响以及对于肥害的防治措施等三个方面简要叙述关于化肥对土壤的污染及治理措施。     

博落回植物与肥料复合的杀螺效应及对水稻生长影响

探索一种杀螺施肥双效作用的新型杀螺剂。将博落回植物粉末分别与氮、磷、钾肥复合制成植物3种单肥复合杀螺剂(简称MPF),与3种肥料混合配成植物混合肥复合杀螺剂(简称MCF)。采用浸杀法进行杀螺试验, 同时检验该复合杀螺剂对水稻萌发及生长的影响。结果显示,3种MPF(博落回植物分别与氮、磷、钾肥复合杀螺剂)处理钉螺,48 h钉螺死亡率分别为100%、533%、667%;作用于水稻,能明显促进种子萌发和幼苗生长,如3种MPF使水稻种子萌发率分别为100%、80%和53%,分别比对照（40%）提高了60%、40%和13%;水稻幼苗分别增长了1268%、707%和605%。MCF随处理浓度增加及处理时间延长,钉螺死亡率上升,较低浓度（200 mg/L）处理48 h 和72 h,钉螺死亡率分别为733%和867%;较高浓度（400 mg/L）复合处理48 h和72 h,钉螺死亡率分别为833%、100%。然而,低浓度（200 mg/L）MCF对水稻萌发和生长有促进作用,如水稻幼苗比对照增长了876%,但高浓度（400 mg/L）则有一定抑制作用。因此,MPF对钉螺具有较好的杀螺活性,同时能促进水稻萌发和生长,其中植物氮肥复合杀螺剂效果最佳;MCF对钉螺均有杀螺活性,但低浓度对水稻有促进作用,而高浓度则有抑制作用     

沛沿河流域土壤肥料释放的降雨模拟研究

为有效控制农业面源污染,改善沛沿河流域水质状况,通过对水稻田、杨树林和果园的土壤分别施用不同类型化肥后,模拟研究了土壤在受雨水短期浸泡及连续降雨情况下氮、磷的释放特征。研究结果表明,稻田土壤对氮磷的保肥能力最佳,施肥时应以基肥为主;果园土壤及林地土壤的保肥能力均劣于稻田土壤,应采用少量多次追肥的方法。尿素与碳铵宜做基肥使用,而氯化铵与硫酸铵宜做追肥使用。     

Organic Farming and Soil Carbon Sequestration: What Do We Really Know About the Benefits?

Organic farming is believed to improve soil fertility by enhancing soil organic matter (SOM) contents. An important co-benefit would be the sequestration of carbon from atmospheric CO₂. Such a positive effect has been suggested based on data from field experiments though many studies were not designed to address the issue of carbon sequestration. The aim of our study was to examine published data in order to identify possible flaws such as missing a proper baseline, carbon mass measurements, or lack of a clear distinction between conventional and organic farming practices, thereby attributing effects of specific practices to organic farming, which are not uniquely organic. A total of 68 data sets were analyzed from 32 peer-reviewed publications aiming to compare conventional with organic farming. The analysis revealed that after conversion, soil C content (SOC) in organic systems increased annually by 2.2% on average, whereas in conventional systems SOC did not change significantly. The majority of publications reported SOC concentrations rather than amounts thus neglecting possible changes in soil bulk density. 34 out of 68 data sets missed a true control with well-defined starting conditions. In 37 out of 50 cases, the amount of organic fertilizer in the organic system exceeded that applied in the compared conventional system, and in half of the cases crop rotations differed between systems. In the few studies where crop rotation and organic fertilization were comparable in both systems no consistent difference in SOC was found. From this data analysis, we conclude that the claim for beneficial effects of organic farming on SOC is premature and that reported advantages of organic farming for SOC are largely determined by higher and often disproportionate application of organic fertilizer compared to conventional farming.     

Phospholipid fatty acid patterns of microbial communities in paddy soil under different fertilizer treatments

The microbial communities under irrigated rice cropping with different fertilizer treatments, including control （CK）, PK, NK, NP, NPK fertilization, were investigated using phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） profile method. The results of this study revealed that the fertilizer practice had an impact on the community structure of specific microbial groups. The principal components analysis （PCA） showed that proportion of the actinomycete PLFAs （10Me 18：0 and 10Me 16：0） were the lowest in the PK treatment and the highest in the NPK treatment, which means that soil nitrogen status affected the diversity of actinomycetes, whereas nitrogen cycling was related to the actinomycets. Under CK treatment, the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria was lower compared with that in fertilizer addition treatments, indicating that fertilizer application stimulated Gram-positive bacterial population in paddy soil. The fatty acid 18：2to6,9, which is considered to be predominantly of fungal origin, was at low level in all the treatments. The ratio of cyl9：0 to 18：1 to7, which has been proposed as an indicator of stress conditions, decreased in PK treatment. Changes of soil microbial community under different fertilizer treatments of paddy soil were detected in this study; however, the causes that lead to changes in the microbial community still needs further study.     

用化肥废催化剂制备硫酸铝钾

研究了以含铝、钴的化肥废催化剂为原料制备硫酸铝钾(明矾)的方法。确定了最佳工艺条件:化肥废催化剂粒度为300目、硫酸浓度为9 mol／L、浸取时间为30 min、用K2CO3调滤液pH至1-2。在该条件下制备的KAl(SO4)2·12H2O产品纯度为98.2％,达到日本工业标准(JIS K1473-1970)工业级纯度。