缓释复合肥在不同土壤水分条件下氨挥发特性研究

采用"通气法"室内培养试验研究了非包膜缓释复合肥(SRF)在不同土壤水分条件下的氨挥发损失状况和动力学特性以及盆栽试验条件下水稻生长和氮素利用效率.结果表明,SRF在淹水条件下氨挥发比不淹水处理提前3～4d到达峰值;且峰值和累积氨挥发量也比不淹水培养条件下高.与普通复合肥(CCF)相比,缓释复合肥的氨挥发损失量显著降低,不淹水条件下比等氮量CCF减少氨挥发50.6%和22.8%,淹水条件下比等氮量CCF减少氨挥发24.2%和10.4%,但是其氨挥发损失显著高于包膜缓释肥料(CRF).SRF的氨累积挥发量随施肥水平的增加而增大,其动力学特性可用一级动力学方程、Elovich方程和抛物线扩散方程定量描述.SRF、CCF和CRF各施肥处理在淹水条件下的水稻植株生物量分别比不淹水条件增加67.86%、78.25%和48.75%;氮素利用率分别比不淹水处理增加57.73%、80.70%和12.06%.在不淹水和淹水2种土壤水分条件下,施用SRF处理氮素利用率分别比CCF增加59.10%和10.40%.SRF能够降低氨挥发,提高植株生物量和氮素利用率.     

水葫芦渣有机肥在白菜上的肥效试验研究

以白菜为试材,研究了水葫芦渣有机肥在高量、中量、低量3个施用水平下的施用效果。结果表明,水葫芦渣有机肥对白菜的生长发育具有明显的促进作用,从株高的指标看,以施有机肥高量效果为佳;从最大功能叶面积指标看,以施有机肥高量效果为佳;从开展度指标看,以施有机肥中量效果为佳。从白菜产量上看,有机肥化肥配施低用量、有机肥高用量、中用量差异不显著,均比空白增产370%、364%、297%。从白菜对养分吸收的含量上看,全氮以施有机肥高用量最好;全钾以施有机肥低用量最好。将水葫芦渣有机肥与其它常见的有机肥比较,其肥效与其它有机肥相当。     

Effects of urea and (NH4)2SO4 on nitrification and acidification of Ultisols from Southern China

The mechanisms for the effects of ammonium-based fertilizers on soil acidification in subtropical regions are not well understood. Two Ultisols collected from cropland and a tea garden in Anhui and Jiangxi Provinces in subtropical southern China, respectively, were used to study the effects of urea and (NH₄)₂SO₄ on the nitrification and acidification of soils with incubation experiments. Nitrification occurred at very low pH with no N fertilizer added and led to lowering of the soil pH by 0.53 and 0.30 units for the soils from Jiangxi and Anhui, respectively. Addition of urea accelerated nitrification and soil acidification in both Ultisols; while nitrification was inhibited by the addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄, and greater input of (NH₄)₂SO₄ led to greater inhibition of nitrification. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) played an important role in nitrification in cropland soil under acidic conditions. Addition of urea increased the soil pH at the early stages of incubation due to hydrolysis and stimulated the increase in the AOB population, and thus accelerated nitrification and soil acidification. At the end of incubation, the pH of Ultisol from Jiangxi had decreased by 1.25, 1.54 and 1.84 units compared to maximum values for the treatments with 150, 300 and 400 mg/kg of urea-N added, respectively; the corresponding figures were 0.95, 1.25 and 1.69 for the Ultisol from Anhui. However, addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ inhibited the increase in the AOB population and thus inhibited nitrification and soil acidification. Soil pH for the treatments with 300 and 400 mg/kg of (NH₄)₂SO₄-N remained almost constant during the incubation. AOB played an important role in nitrification of the cropland soil under acidic conditions. Addition of urea stimulated the increase in the AOB population and thus accelerated nitrification and soil acidification; while addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ inhibited the increase in the AOB population and thus inhibited nitrification.     

北京地区农田生态系统磷养分平衡研究——以密云县和房山区为例

采用农田生态系统磷平衡计算方法,对北京地区密云县和房山区农田土壤磷养分平衡状况进行了研究。结果表明,2006年密云和房山的磷盈余总量分别为4084.11t和10851.19t,磷盈余强度分别为110.81kg/hm2和386.48kg/hm2。磷肥是密云和房山磷素投入的最主要来源,化肥磷的施用量是造成农田土壤磷平衡空间差异的直接因素,两者呈极显著相关关系。不同乡镇化肥投入差异较大,导致磷平衡总量和强度分布严重不平衡,房山县的磷平衡量由西北向东南递增。密云县磷盈余强度表现为西部少,东部多,房山区磷盈余强度较大的地区多在南部地区。通过对比研究,分析磷素养分损失态和盈余态负荷基本趋势,找到污染潜势产生原因,提出了促进农田磷素平衡与降低磷养分负荷相应调控对策和措施。     

影响高压氧压机平稳运行的原因分析及对策

从工艺操作、结构设计、生产管理等方面入手,分析了影响高压氧压机C/M-203稳定运行的4个主要原因,并提出了相应的措施.     

Chemical reclamation of crude-oil-inundated soils from Niger Delta, Nigeria

Crude-oil-inundated soils were collected from the Agbada oil field in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria 2 months after the recorded incidence of oil spillage. The soils were taken on the second day of reconnaissance from three replicate quadrats, at surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface (15-30 cm) depths, using the grid sampling technique. The total extractable hydrocarbon content (THC) of the polluted soils ranged from 1.24 × 10² to 3.86 × 10⁴ mg/kg at surface and subsurface depths (no overlap in standard errors at a 95% confidence level). Greenhouse trials for possible reclamation were later carried out using 10-100 g of (NH₄)₂SO₄, KH₂PO₄ and KCl (NPK) fertilizer as nutrient supplements. Nitrogen as NO₃-N and potassium were optimally enhanced at 2% (w/w) and 3% (w/w) of the NPK supplementation, respectively. Phosphorus, which was inherently more enhanced in the soils than the other nutrients, maintained the same level of impact after treatment with 20 g of NPK fertilizer. Total organic carbon (%TOC), total organic matter (%TOM), pH, and percentage moisture content all provided evidence of enhanced mineralization in the fertilizer-treated soils. If reclamation of the crude-oil-inundated soils is construed as the return to normal levels of metabolic activities of the soils, then the application of the inorganic fertilizers at such prescribed levels would duly accelerate the remediation process. However, this would be limited to levels of pollution empirically defined by such THC values obtained in this study.     

赤红壤地区茶叶施用有机无机复肥的效果初探

本试验比较了三种不同Ｎ／Ｋ２Ｏ的有机无机复肥和进口复肥在赤红壤茶园上的施用效果．结果表明，施用有机无机复肥能促进茶树生长，增大茶芽密度．提高茶叶产量，增加茶叶的茶多酚和氨基酸含量；且能增加土壤有机质含量，平衡土壤养分．有机无机复肥中的Ｎ／Ｋ２Ｏ对其肥效的发挥有重要作用，Ｎ／ｋ２Ｏ值以４．５为宜．     

水肥气耦合对温室番茄地土壤N2O排放及番茄产量的影响

为揭示水肥气耦合对温室番茄地土壤N_2O排放的影响,提出适宜的温室番茄增产减排措施,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法监测土壤N_2O的排放,分析水肥气耦合条件下土壤温度、灌溉水利用效率(WFPS)、NO~-_3-N、O_2含量的变化规律以及N_2O排放的影响机制.加气条件下设两个灌水水平0.6 W和1.0 W(分别代表亏缺40%灌溉和充分灌溉,W代表充分灌水时的灌水量)和3个施氮水平(120、 180和240 kg·hm~(-2),分别代表低、中和高氮,以50%F、 75%F和F表示,其中F为当地推荐施氮量),以不加气充分灌溉(O为加气灌溉,CK为常规滴灌)条件下3种施肥水平为对照,共9个处理.结果表明,充分灌溉(W2F1O、W2F2O和W2F3O)的N_2O累积排放量较亏缺灌溉(W1F1O、W1F2O和W1F3O)处理平均增加了55.7%(P0.05);高氮条件下(W1F3O、W2F3O和W2F3CK)土壤N_2O排放较中氮和低氮平均增大13.4%和43.8%(P0.05),充分灌溉条件下加气处理(W2F1O、W2F2O和W2F3O)较相应不加气处理(W2F1CK、W2F2CK和W2F3CK)N_2O排放平均增加11.2%(P0.05).加气、施氮量和灌水量的增加可增加番茄产量和单产N_2O排放量.高氮处理番茄产量和单产N_2O排放量较中氮处理分别增加了12.5%(P0.05)和3.9%(P0.05),高氮处理番茄产量和单产N_2O排放量较低氮处理显著增加了30.4%和9.6%(P0.05),加气充分灌溉较加气亏缺灌溉处理番茄产量和单产N_2O排放量分别显著增加了29.7%和18.7%(P0.05),加气处理(W2F1O、W2F2O和W2F3O)较不加气处理产量(W2F1CK、W2F2CK和W2F3CK)平均增加了10.4%(P0.05),单产N_2O排放量增加但不显著.灌水量增加、施肥量降低、加气均可显著增大肥料偏生产力,减小灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE).综合考虑N_2O累积排放量、作物产量、氮肥利用效率、IWUE和单产N_2O排放量,得出加气低氮充分灌溉为较优的管理模式.本研究结果为温室番茄的增产减排提供了一定的参考.     

粪肥和有机肥施用对稻田土壤微生物群落多样性影响

为探究典型粪肥施用对稻田土壤微生物的影响,开展崇明岛稻田粪肥施用现场实验.采用高通量测序技术分析对照组(CK)和鸡粪(CM)、猪粪(PM)和有机肥(OF)施用稻田土壤微生物群落组成及多样性.结果表明,与CK相比,施用有机肥可提高土壤有机质(SOM),施用鸡粪可显著提高土壤氨氮(NH~+_4-N)和总氮(TN)含量(P0.05).PM组土壤微生物多样性显著高于CK组(P0.05),OF组土壤微生物群落丰富度显著高于CM组(P0.05).pH值、总磷(TP)、总氮和Pb是影响稻田土壤微生物群落组成的重要因素,CM组微生物群落结构与其他3组差异较大.与CK相比,OF组增加了硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)的相对丰度,CM组显著降低了反硝化细菌Ignavibacteriae的相对丰度(P0.01),达40.56%,但显著增加了硝化细菌陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)的相对丰度(P0.05),达203.00%; PM组显著增加了氨化细菌Armatimonadetes的相对丰度(P0.05),达57.51%,还增加了厌氧绳菌属(Anaerolinea)的相对丰度,达102.00%.施用鸡粪和猪粪分别显著增加致病菌假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和黄杆菌属(Flavisolibacter)的相对丰度(P0.05),而有机肥施用则降低了黄杆菌属的相对丰度.粪肥的施用增加了参与稻田土壤氮循环过程细菌的丰度,对调节稻田土壤氮平衡起着正向作用,然而鸡粪和猪粪的直接施用会导致病原菌增多,对稻田土壤健康有一定的胁迫.     

基于氨挥发因子方法的中国农田氨排放量估算

农田是氨的主要排放源,估算农田的氨挥发量可以明确其潜在的生态环境风险,为制定农田氨减排策略提供科学依据.通过文献收集,建立了包含867对观测值的中国农田氨挥发数据库,然后以氮肥施用量为自变量,氮肥施用引起的氨排放量为因变量,计算得到体现农业区、作物类型、肥料类型、土壤pH差异的氨挥发因子,采用独立样本进行验证,发现计算得到的氨挥发因子可以无偏地、较为准确地估算中国农田的氨挥发.不同区域、作物和管理措施下的氨挥发因子有显著差异,整体上,由于南方地区年均温和年降雨量均高于北方,导致南方的氨挥发因子高于北方,而碱性土壤的氨挥发因子高于中性和酸性土壤;与单施化肥相比,多数情况下施用有机肥可降低氨挥发因子,使用缓释控释肥或抑制剂可显著降低氨挥发因子;以单施化肥为例,水稻种植的氨挥发因子为9.9%~37.0%,高于蔬菜（2.2%~13.0%）和其他作物（3.3%~8.0%）.2015年中国农田由无机氮肥使用引起的氨排放总量为3.21 Tg,95%置信区间为2.92~3.46 Tg,其中,粮食作物和蔬菜占比最高,分别为66%和20%,豆科作物占比最低（0.8%）.由于气候、土壤、作物类型的差异,氨挥发呈现明显的空间异质性,长江中下游区排放量最高,而青藏区排放量最低.