膜生物反应器的技术研究

综合论述了膜生物反应器的设计方法,包括确定最佳水力停留时间、污泥停留时间、污泥浓度,经济性分析.     

Mass balance of anionic surfactants through up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket based sewage treatment plants

The outcome of a 21-month monitoring study on anionic surfactants (AS) at five (27–70 ML/d) up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) based sewage treatment plants (STPs) is described. The average removals of AS were around 8–30%. Appreciable concentrations of AS were being discharged to the watercourse (average 4.30 mg/L; range 3.60–4.91 mg/L). On an average dried sludge contained 1452 mg AS/kg dry weight. Mass balance at three STPs indicated that, AS load of the order of 5–17% and ≈12% is removed by adsorption in UASB reactors and polishing ponds (PP) respectively. Biodegradation of AS under anaerobic conditions in UASB reactors and PP does not seem to take place. In the sludge stream, appreciable biodegradation (≈46%) of adsorbed AS under aerobic conditions on the sludge drying beds takes place. If influent AS mass flux is normalized to 100 units, than average of ≈74 and ≈7 units are discharged with treated effluent and dried sludge respectively, while 12 and 6 units are adsorbed/settled in PP and aerobically biodegrade on sludge drying beds respectively. At two STPs (34 and 56 ML/d), the filterable fluxes in UASBR increased so that the mass balance could not be computed.     

Removal of antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by extended sludge age biological process

Removal of four antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine and trimethoprim) and four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen) using extended sludge age biological process was investigated. The sludge age of the biological system was greater than 200 d. Hydraulic retention time of 12 h was maintained throughout the experiment. The extended sludge age biological process is able to treat pharmaceuticals with good and steady removal efficiencies: 64–93% removal for antibiotics over 1–5 μg L⁻¹ influent concentrations and 94% to complete removal for acetaminophen and ibuprofen with a wide range of influent concentrations 1–100 μg L⁻¹. For ketoprofen and naproxen the removal efficiencies are 79–96% over a range of 1–15 μg L⁻¹ influent concentrations. The removal efficiency decreases with increasing initial concentrations for all target compounds except for ibuprofen. This indicates that the initial influent concentration is an important parameter for the studies of fate of pharmaceuticals. The amount of bio-mass and size of the reactor required to achieve good and steady removal efficiencies for known influent pharmaceutical concentrations are also suggested in this study.     

ESTROM—a Romanian–Swiss research programme

Background, aim, and scope  Composting is an effective treatment process to realize sludge land application. However, nitrogen loss could result in the reduction of nutrient value of the compost products and the stabilization effect of composting on heavy metal concentration and mobility in sludge has been shown to be very limited. Materials and methods  Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of bamboo charcoal (BC) on nitrogen conservation and mobility of Cu and Zn during sludge composting. Results  The result indicated that the incorporation of BC into the sludge composting material could significantly reduce nitrogen loss. With 9% BC amendment, total nitrogen loss at the end of composting decreased 64.1% compared with no BC amendment (control treatment). Mobility of Cu and Zn in the sludge may also have been lessened, based on the decline in diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-extractable Cu and Zn contents of composted sludge by 44.4% and 19.3%, respectively, compared to metal extractability in the original material. Discussion  Ammonia adsorption capability of BC might be the main reason for the retention of nitrogen in sludge composting materials. Decrease of extractable Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ in the composting material mainly resulted from the adsorption of both metals by BC. Conclusions  Incorporation of BC into composting material could significantly lessen the total nitrogen loss during sludge composting. Mobility of heavy metals in the sludge composting material could also be reduced by the addition of BC. Recommendations and perspectives  Bamboo charcoal could be an effective amendment for nitrogen conservation and heavy metal stabilization in sludge composts. Further research into the effect of BC-amended sludge compost material on soil properties, bioavailability of heavy metals, and nutrient turnover in soil needs to be carried out prior to the application of BC-sludge compost in agriculture.     

粉煤灰吸附含镍废水的研究

采用EDTA滴定法以热电厂废弃物粉煤灰为吸附剂,对含镍废水进行了吸附研究,模拟测定了影响粉煤灰吸附工业废水中重金属离子的几种因素。结果表明:低温,高的镍离子浓度,粉煤灰颗粒细、数量多能提高粉煤灰的吸附效能。同时这种方法简便,成本低廉,能达到以废治废的目的。     

含油污泥处理技术研究

针对某炼厂难以处理的含油污泥，用正交试验法对自理含油污泥的试验条件（破乳剂用量、提取剂用量、热水用量及加药方式）进行了研究，确定了先加污泥量１．０％破乳剂ＪＰ９９８搅３０ｍｉｎ，再加污泥量３０％的８０℃热水，再缓慢加入污泥量１０％的提取剂在８０℃下反应１ｈ，最后在２０００ｒ／ｍｉｎ下离心分离２０ｍｉｎ的实验条件和化学配方；据此化学破乳加机械三相离心分离技术处理后的含油污泥的原油回收率达９０％，油回     

污泥化学调理和机械脱水方面的研究进展

综述了近几年来国内外有关化学药剂单独或联合调理对污泥脱水性能的影响。污泥颗粒尺寸、污泥化学组成对污泥脱水性能的影响。以及污泥化学调理的静电作用过程、污泥离心脱水过程、污泥过滤和挤压固化脱水过程等方面的研究进展。汇总了实验研究中常用的参数指标．并展望今后在污泥调理和机械脱水方面的发展动态。     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DDCOD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

炼油厂"三泥"处理技术研究

采用“热萃取／脱水”技术处理炼油厂含油污泥,脱出水中COD小于150mg／L,含油量小于30mg／L,可直接捧入污水处理场。溶剂油取自炼油厂馏分油,原料易得,并且可以循环使用。该技术可以回收污泥中的有价值组份,符合变废为宝、综合利用的方针。     

污泥处置技术探讨

综述了主要污泥处置技术及目前国内外污泥的处置利用情况，结合我国的实际情况，指出了污泥的资源化利用，尤其是农田利用是解决目前我国污泥问题的最优途径。