Sex allocation in a monomorphic seabird with a single-egg clutch: test of the environment, mate quality, and female condition hypotheses

Sex allocation theory posits that mothers should preferentially invest in sons when environmental conditions are favorable for breeding, their mates are of high quality, or they are in good body condition. We tested these three hypotheses in rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata), monomorphic seabirds that lay a single-egg clutch, in 2 years that differed in environmental conditions for breeding. Results supported the environment and mate quality hypotheses, but these effects were interactive: offspring sex was independent of paternal traits in the poor year for breeding, while females mated to larger and more ornamented males reared more sons in the better year. Conversely, offspring sex was unrelated to female condition, as indexed by hatching date. We propose that good rearing conditions enable females to rear sons possessing the desirable phenotypic attributes of their mates. Results also supported two critical assumptions of sex allocation theory: (1) dimorphism in offspring condition at independence: daughters fledged with higher baseline levels of corticosterone than sons and (2) differential costs of rearing sons versus daughters: mothers rearing sons when environmental conditions were poor completed parental care in poorer condition than mothers rearing daughters in the same year and mothers rearing either sex when conditions were better. These novel results may help to explain the disparate results of previous studies of avian sex allocation.     

Resource defense polygyny shifts to female defense polygyny over the course of the reproductive season of a Neotropical harvestman

Although studies classify the polygynous mating system of a given species into female defense polygyny (FDP) or resource defense polygyny (RDP), the boundary between these two categories is often slight. Males of some species may even shift between these two types of polygyny in response to temporal variation in social and environmental conditions. Here, we examine the mating system of the Neotropical harvestman Acutisoma proximum and, in order to assess if mate acquisition in males corresponds to FDP or RDP, we tested four contrasting predictions derived from the mating system theory. At the beginning of the reproductive season, males fight with other males for the possession of territories on the vegetation where females will later oviposit, as expected in RDP. Females present a marked preference for specific host plant species, and males establish their territories in areas where these host plants are specially abundant, which is also expected in RDP. Later in the reproductive season, males reduce their patrolling activity and focus on defending individual females that are ovipositing inside their territories, as what occurs in FDP. This is the first described case of an arachnid that exhibits a shift in mating system over the reproductive season, revealing that we should be cautious when defining the mating system of a species based on few observations concentrated in a brief period. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

日本废弃物的管理制度与研究现状 Ⅲ.日本废弃物的试验分析方法体系(D)产业废弃物处理处置过程中的监测分析

本文介绍了日本产业废弃物处理处置过程中的监测分析内容与方法。     

固体废物的资源化和综合利用技术

固体废物对环境的污染已越来越多地引起世人关注,治理固体废物的根本出路除减少产生量外,资源化与综合利用是最积极的措施。文中简要的介绍了固体废物资源化的有关技术和我国开展固体废物综合利用的措施及手段。      

北九州产业废物的处理

在日本,基于“有关废物处理和清理的法律”制定了废物分类、处理责任和处理基准等。北九州市是以重化学工业为中业发展起来的城市,由于其工业活动产生了大量的各种工业废物。因此北九州市制定了“工业废物处理计划”,有计划地综合性地对工业废物实施处理、资源化、减量化。为了今后全球范围的环境保护,工业废物的再利用、再资源化有待于进一步提高。现在,北九州市正围绕着这个课题进行着研究。      

含油污泥处理技术进展

对国内外含油污泥的处理技术作一简述,介绍了含油污泥的调质－机械分离处理技术,高温处理技术,溶剂萃取处理技术和综合利用技术。     

鳌江水污染特征及防治对策

平阳县环境监测站于1998年2002年对鳌江埭头、江屿、方岩渡、江口渡4个断面的水质进行了监测。结果表明,埭头断面目前属尚清洁．江屿断面属严重污染(以氨氮、挥发酚为主),方岩渡、江口渡断面为中污染段(以氨氮为主)。造成鳌江污染的污染源主要是平阳县的制革废水和鳌江沿岸乡镇的生活污水。提出。环保及各级政府部门应加大对鳌江治理投资,尽快建设排污管网及生活污水处理厂;对无能力进行废水处理的小企业,应予以关闭;提倡使用清洁生产工艺,从源头减少制革废水的污染。     

新型丝网填料滴滤器净化含苯废气的实验研究

实验研究了新型丝网填料滴滤器净化含苯废气的性能。研究表明该生物滴滤器能够有效的净化含苯废气 ,在入口负荷小于 6 0mg·L-1·h-1时 ,平均净化效率在 90 %以上。当进口负荷提高时 ,消除能力也逐渐提高 ,但净化效率有所下降 ,将进口负荷控制在 30～ 6 0mg·L-1·h-1之间 ,即可以达到高的净化效率 ,又可保持较高的消除能力。苯的净化效率随进气量增加而下降 ,对于净化高浓度苯废气 ,10～ 2 0m/h的气速是比较合适的。不锈钢丝网填料对循环液分布均匀性有较高要求 ,特别在生物膜的形成阶段。当喷淋系统不能保证布液均匀时 ,可采用阶梯环等化工填料作为最初的液体分配层。     

建设资源循环型城市是实现可持续发展战略的重要途径

从目前严峻的资源与生态环境形势看 ,要实现全面建设小康社会的目标和满足新型工业化道路的标准要求 ,实现经济发展与环境保护双赢 ,实现经济增长方式从粗放型向集约型转变 ,实现经济结构战略性调整和产业结构升级 ,发展循环经济是城市未来社会经济可持续发展的最佳模式选择     

区域尾水控制初探--以昆山市为例

该文提出了“三级控制、三级标准”的区域水污染控制模式 ,分析了区域尾水控制的定位及意义。对区域尾水控制的三种主要方式做了较为详细的对比分析 ,并针对昆山市实际情况 ,初步构建了昆山市尾水导流方案。