Rarefaction and nonrandom spatial dispersion patterns

Rarefaction estimates how many species are expected in a random sample of individuals from a larger collection and allows meaningful comparisons among collections of different sizes. It assumes random spatial dispersion. However, two common dispersion patterns, within-species clumping and segregation among species, can cause rarefaction to overestimate the species richness of a smaller continuous area. We use field studies and computer simulations to determine (1) how robust rarefaction is to nonrandom spatial dispersion and (2) whether simple measures of spatial autocorrelation can predict the bias in rarefaction estimates. Rarefaction does not estimate species richness accurately for many communities, especially at small sample sizes. Measures of spatial autocorrelation of the more abundant species do not reliably predict amount of bias. Survey sites should be standardized to equal-sized areas before sampling. When sites are of equal area but differ in number of individuals sampled, rarefaction can standardize collections. When communities are sampled from different-sized areas, the mean and confidence intervals of species accumulation curves allow more meaningful comparisons among sites. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

城市道路旁小蜡叶片对重金属的富集特征

通过对合肥市市区交通干线、城郊公路和植物园道路(对照区)的土壤,以及道路绿化灌木小蜡(Ligustrum sinense)叶片中Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Cr含量的测定,分析城市交通产生的大气重金属污染物在土壤和植物叶片中的富集特征.结果表明,公路交通和车辆尾气排放产生的重金属污染物能够显著地在土壤和小蜡叶片中富集.公路土壤中富集的Cu,Zn,Pb和Cr之间有着较高的相关性,且富集量与道路车流量有着明显的正相关.小蜡叶片富集的Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Cr主要来自于道路交通产生的大气重金属污染物,同土壤中相应重金属元素的相关性较差,而且市区干线的叶片富集量高于城郊公路,城郊公路高于对照点.雨水的冲刷能够减少小蜡叶片表面重金属的含量,同时小蜡叶片对重金属的富集,在4月至7月的富集速度或富集增量高于7月至10月,这与小蜡叶片的生长趋势相一致.     

稀土元素的骨蓄积性、毒性及其对人群健康的潜在危害

综合论述了稀土元素在机体内的蓄积性及其毒性效应,分析了稀土农业应用对生态环境和人群骨系统健康的潜在危害.稀土元素被长期低剂量摄入,可在骨组织中蓄积,导致骨组织结构变化,骨髓微核率增高,产生遗传毒性.     

微囊藻毒素在细长聚球藻中的积累及其毒性效应

用 100μg/L 的微囊藻毒素(MC-RR)处理细长聚球藻,研究了 MC-RR 在藻细胞中的积累及其对细长聚球藻的生长和抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,MC-RR 能在细长聚球藻中迅速积累,而细长聚球藻具有较强的降解 MC-RR 的能力,MC-RR 对细长聚球藻的生长具有显著的抑制作用;MC-RR 处理后,活性氧(ROS)和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量明显升高,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性则有一个先降后升的变化.以上结果说明,细长聚球藻细胞在 MC-RR 处理下,膜脂过氧化加剧,受到氧化胁迫;GSH、GST、GPX 在清除活性氧,抵抗 MC-RR 的毒性伤害中发挥着关键的作用.     

缺氧环境下硫酸盐还原对反硝化过程影响的特性试验研究

对缺氧环境下硫酸盐还原对反硝化脱氮过程影响进行了试验研究。试验结果表明和单纯的热力学和动力学分析不同,在硫酸盐和硝酸盐同时存在的生物脱氮体系中,具备着反硝化和硫酸盐还原同时进行的环境条件。缺氧环境下硫酸盐还原过程影响了反硝化脱氮效果和反硝化历程,即硫酸盐初始浓度越高,硝氮的去除率越低,当硫酸盐浓度从0mg/L增加到2000mg/L时,脱氮效率从100%降低到81.4%,脱氮速率从6.428mg/L.min降低到4.04mg/L.min,并且发现在硫酸盐影响下的反硝化过程出现了氨氮积累的现象。本研究结果对富含硫酸盐的有机废水生物处理有指导意义。     

高浓度焦化废水处理工艺的研究

对焦化废水的微生物处理工艺进行改进,采取提高污泥浓度,增加曝气量,增加凝聚工艺等强化处理措施,提高了对高浓度焦化废水的处理效率,使废水达到国家排放标准。     

宁波市城市污水处理厂污泥处置方案探讨

随着城市污水处理率提高导致的污水污泥产量的增长趋势也使得污水污泥的处理问题更为突出。在总结国内外城市污泥处置技术发展趋势的基础上,结合宁波市的实际情况,根据无害化、减量化和资源化的原则,提出城市污泥近远期处置方案,并对处置方案作出可行性分析。     

Inorganic nitrogen transformations in the treatment of landfill leachate with a high ammonium load: A case study

The inorganic nitrogen transformations occurring at a municipal waste leachate treatment facility were investigated. The treatment facility consisted of a collection well and an artificial wetland between two aeration ponds. The first aeration pond showed a decrease in ammonium (from 3480 (± 120) to 630(± 90) mg ⋅ L⁻¹), a reduction in inorganic nitrogen load (3480 to 1680 mg N ⋅ L⁻¹), and an accumulation of nitrite (< 1.3 mg-N ⋅ L⁻¹ in the collection well, to 1030 mg-N ⋅ L⁻¹). Incomplete ammonium oxidation was presumably the result of the low concentration of carbonate alkalinity (∼2 mg ⋅ L⁻¹), which may cause a limitation in the ammonium oxidation rate of nitrifiers. Low carbonate alkalinity levels may have been the result of stripping of CO₂ from the first aeration pond at the high aeration rates and low pH. Various chemodenitrification mechanisms are discussed as the reason for the reduction in the inorganic nitrogen load, including; the reduction of nitrite by iron (II) (producing various forms of gaseous nitrogen); and reactions involving nitrous acid. It is suggested that the accumulation of nitrite may be the result of inhibition of nitrite oxidizers by nitrous acid and low temperatures. Relative to the first aeration pond, the speciation and concentration of inorganic nitrogen was stable in the wetlands and 2nd aeration pond. The limited denitrification in the wetlands most probably occurred due to low concentrations of organic carbon, and short retention times.     

Use of USLE/GIS Methodology for Predicting Soil Loss in a Semiarid Agricultural Watershed

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is an erosion model to estimate average soil loss that would generally result from splash, sheet, and rill erosion from agricultural plots. Recently, use of USLE has been extended as a useful tool predicting soil losses and planning control practices in agricultural watersheds by the effective integration of the GIS-based procedures to estimate the factor values in a grid cell basis. This study was performed in the Kazan Watershed located in the central Anatolia, Turkey, to predict soil erosion risk by the USLE/GIS methodology for planning conservation measures in the site. Rain erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), and cover management factor (C) values of the model were calculated from erosivity map, soil map, and land use map of Turkey, respectively. R values were site-specifically corrected using DEM and climatic data. The topographical and hydrological effects on the soil loss were characterized by LS factor evaluated by the flow accumulation tool using DEM and watershed delineation techniques. From resulting soil loss map of the watershed, the magnitude of the soil erosion was estimated in terms of the different soil units and land uses and the most erosion-prone areas where irreversible soil losses occurred were reasonably located in the Kazan watershed. This could be very useful for deciding restoration practices to control the soil erosion of the sites to be severely influenced.     

旱地长期定位施肥对土壤剖面硝态氮分布与累积的影响

在 １５ ａ长期定位试验基础上研究了黄土高原旱地长期施用不同用量和配比的氮、磷肥对土壤剖面中硝态氮分布和累积的影响。结果表明：长期大量施用氮肥,在土壤剖面 １００～１８０ ｃｍ之间形成硝态氮累积层,峰值出现在 １４０ ｃｍ处,最大值为 ６７．９２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（单施 Ｎ １８０ ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２）; 配合施用磷肥可以降低土壤剖面硝态氮质量分数,根据试验,提出了旱地合理施肥的氮磷肥用量。