猪场废水污灌土壤的Cr和Ni空间变异及积累分析

为了解长期施用猪场废水对农田土壤Cr和Ni(以下简称重金属)的影响,采集了河北省京安猪场周边农田清洁区和灌溉8年猪场废水的污灌区耕层(0～20cm)共52个土壤样品,并测定了样品中pH、养分及重金属全量和有效态含量,应用GIS结合地统计学方法对重金属进行了空间结构和分布特征分析,探讨规模化猪场周边农田土壤重金属积累的影响因子及其贡献。结果表明,Cr和Ni全量和有效态含量变异函数理论模型均符合球状模型,具有中等程度自相关。根据背景调查,重金属与pH值和土壤养分的相关性分析以及重金属变异函数分析,研究区土壤Cr和Ni主要受成土母质的影响,受污灌猪场废水影响不大。富集因子分析表明,污灌猪场废水对土壤Cr和Ni几乎没有积累。灌溉猪场废水会降低土壤pH值,提高土壤Cr和Ni有效态含量。     

土壤Cu、Cd污染对两种蚯蚓种的急性毒性

通过室内模拟重金属Cu、Cd污染实验,测定了在黄泥土条件下赤子爱胜蚓和威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性效应以及体内累积量.结果表明,赤子爱胜蚓体内Cd累积量与土壤Cd浓度呈显著正相关,赤子爱胜蚓和威廉环毛蚓体内Cu累积量在土壤Cu浓度200～392mgkg-1时呈上升趋势,在Cu浓度392～1075.6mgkg-1时呈下降趋势;威廉环毛蚓体内Cd累积量在土壤Cd浓度200～548.8mgkg-1时呈上升趋势,在Cd浓度548.8～1505.8mgkg-1时呈下降趋势.赤子爱胜蚓和威廉环毛蚓的LC50(Cu)分别为387～555mgkg-1和412～653mgkg-1,LC50(Cd)分别为809～1138mgkg-1和708～1030mgkg-1.总体来看,威廉环毛蚓对重金属Cu的累积能力以及耐受性均强于赤子爱胜蚓,而赤子爱胜蚓对Cd的耐受性强于威廉环毛蚓,但累积能力低于威廉环毛蚓.图4表1参25     

Mercury in surface sediments and benthic organisms from Guaymas Bay,east coast of the Gulf of California

In order to know the concentration of mercury in surface sediments, macroalgae and clams from Guaymas Bay, Mexico, 20 surface sediment samples and several individuals of Codium amplivesciculatum (3), Enteromorpha clathrata (4), Gracilaria subsecundata (2), Ulva lactuca (2), Chione subrugosa (80) and Crassostrea gigas (40) were collected and their Hg concentration was measured by a cold vapor Hg analyzer, after acid digestion. In addition, granulometric analysis and quantification of total organic carbon, aluminum, iron and manganese contents in sediments were performed. A Pearsons correlation matrix was determined and, the enrichment factor, the geoaccumulation index and the biota-sediment accumulation factor were calculated. Mercury concentrations in sediments ranged from 0.3 to 2.3 μg g⁻¹, with the central and northern portions showing the highest values. Macroalgae had a content of Hg that oscillated from 0.058 to 0.134 μg g⁻¹, while the average concentrations of this metal for clams and oysters were 0.063 and 0.230 μg g⁻¹, respectively. A clear effect of Guaymas City and the anthropogenic activities carried out around the Guaymas Bay has been observed and the enrichment factor and the geochemical index suggest that sediments from this coastal ecosystem are moderately to strongly contaminated with Hg. However, according to the figure of the maximum human consumption of Hg per week recommended by the World Health Organization, people can ingest clams without risk to their health.     

雷州无瓣海桑群落7种元素的生物累积和循环

在雷州市附城镇岚北人工生态恢复的 7a生无瓣海桑群落生物量调查的基础上 ,对所采集的无瓣海桑进行了植物体各组分样品的灰分和元素含量测定与循环分析 ,结果表明 :无瓣海桑植物体不同组分的灰分含量范围为 2 .2 7%～ 2 6 .4 1% ,以细根的含量最高 ,枯枝的含量最低 .植物体各组分中 7种元素质量分数范围分别为K 0 .11%～ 1.5 6 % ,Na0 .11%～ 1.6 6 % ,Ca 0 .2 0 %～ 2 .6 6 % ,Mg 0 .15 %～ 1.5 9% ,Fe 0 .0 4× 10 -3 ～ 9.6 4× 10 -3 ,Zn 0 .0 5× 10 -4～ 1.0 3× 10 -4,Cu0 .16× 10 -5～ 1.5 0× 10 -5.其加权平均的富集系数为 0 .0 5～ 9.70 ,其中Ca >K >Cu >Na >Mg>Zn >Fe .群落现存生物量中的累积储量分别为K 10 9.76gm-2 ,Ca 138.89gm-2 ,Na 86 .5 7gm-2 ,Mg 81.0 7gm-2 ,Fe 13.139gm-2 ,Zn 0 .4 83gm-2 ,Cu 0 .10 8gm-2 .群落 2 0 0 1年的元素存留累积储量分别为Ca4 1.6 8gm-2 ,K 37.2 4gm-2 ,Mg 2 7.33gm-2 ,Na2 5 .5 6gm-2 ,Fe 4 .2 75gm-2 ,Zn 0 .188gm-2 ,Cu 0 .0 39gm-2 .2 0 0 1年归还量分别为Ca 2 8.5 9gm-2 ,K 16 .83gm-2 ,Mg 12 .0 7gm-2 ,Na 11.5 8gm-2 ,Fe 0 .916gm-2 ,Zn 0 .14 1gm-2 ,Cu 0 .0 2 6gm-2 .年吸收量分别为Ca 70 .2 7gm-2 ,K 5 4 .0 7gm-2 ,Mg 39.4 0gm-2 ,Na 37.1     

城市污水污泥对环境的污染及其防治

本文论述了城市污水污泥对水源和土壤的污染,并对其污泥特性作了分析,指出在我国的现有条件下污泥的处置主要为农业上的利用.     

炼油厂污泥脱水系统技术改进

阐述炼油厂污水处理场污泥的组成、性质及污泥脱水的实际情况，在原工艺处理流程的基础上采取增加污泥储存罐、污泥调理系统、污泥输送系统等设施，并进行一系列的技术改造，使得污泥脱水系统能够正常平稳运行，减少污泥对环境的污染．取得了一定的经济效益和社会效益。     

硼泥处理含氟废水的研究

在一定温度下将硼泥活化处理，用于处理５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的含氟废水，加入量为４‰，最佳吸附Ｆ－的ｐＨ值为１０．０～１１．４，去除率达９３％。吸附平衡浓度与吸附量关系符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ吸附等温式，求出２０℃、２５℃、３０℃时的饱和吸附量和吸附系数。其吸附速度符合鲛岛吸附动力学方程式。     

污泥分解技术在污泥厌氧消化上的应用

污泥分解技术与厌氧消化相结合，能提高厌氧消化的效率，其中在污泥厌氧消化工艺中适当的结合臭氧氧化技术，可以使挥发性固体平均降解率提高至65％，并减少1／3的厌氧消化池容积。     

A2/O工艺脱氮特性研究及其污泥膨胀控制

通过试验,分别考察了不同HRT、DO、混合液和污泥回流比、温度等条件下,A2/O工艺的脱氮效果和有机物去除效果.结果表明,对于城市生活污水而言,当好氧区水力停留时间为6 h、DO为4 mg/L、混合液回流比为300%、污泥回流比为100%时,A2/O工艺能获得较好的脱氮效果和有机物去除效果.同时,也对如何控制运行中发生的丝状菌型污泥膨胀问题进行了初步的研究,并通过投加次氯酸钠和补充新鲜污泥的方法成功地控制了一次污泥膨胀.     

Heavy metal accumulation of urban domestic rubbish compost in turfgrass by DTA chelating

Seven kinds of heavy metal accumulation of rubbish compost in turfgrass by EDTA chelating were investigated. With EDTA application, heavy metal accumulation by two species of turfgrass was increased significantly. The enrichment coefficients of Lolium perenne L(L) and Festuca arundinacea L(F) to Cr reached 9.45 and 6.15 respectively. In the range of EDTA dosages given, heavy metal accumulation in turfgrass increased with increasing EDTA level. There were significant differences in remediation of different metals by applying EDTA. L had high ability to accumulate Cr, Cd, Ni and Zn, showing better remediation to heavy metals of rubbish compost.In contrast, F showed high ability to accumulate Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn. Low EDTA level increased aboveground net primary production (ANP) of turfgrass, but EDTA would considerably inhibit it when EDTA was higher than 20 mmol/kg. The results demonstrated that the optimum dosage of EDTA for remediating heavy metals in rubbish compost by turfgrass was between 10 mmol/kg and 20 mmol/kg.