Replacement of a multiple hearth by a fluid bed incinerator the Greensboro case history

The incinerator at the T.Z. Osborne Plant in Greensboro, North Carolina burns sludge from its own waste water treatment plant and sludge pumped from the nearby North Buffalo plant. The two plants have a combined capacity of 36 million gallons per day of wastewater. Because of the age of and increasing high maintenance on the existing multiple hearth incinerator, and the need to increase treatment capacity, the Osborne plant concluded a study in 1992 evaluating its options for future municipal sewage sludge disposal. Options which were evaluated during the study included; (i) rehabilitation of the existing eight-year old multiple hearth unit; (ii) addition of a new multiple hearth; (iii) addition of a new fluid bed system; (iv) drying, composting, or land application. The chosen option, based on both economic and environmental considerations, was a new fluid bed system with a capacity of 2.55 tons per hour, approximately double that of the existing multiple hearth. Design of the new fluid bed system began in December 1994 and equipment delivery for the incineration system was begun in April 1995. Initial operation occurred in August 1996. Primary and secondary sludge, dewatered to 28% dry solids by centrifuge, is delivered by piston pumps to the twenty-foot freeboard ID incinerator. A shell and tube heat exchanger recuperates heat from the exhaust gas and preheats the combustion air to 1250°F, resulting in minimal auxiliary fuel use. The air pollution control device is a high-energy Tandem Nozzle® scrubber. Greensboro was the initial installation of this scrubber design on a fluid bed incinerator and its characteristics and performance are discussed. Ash is dewatered in an ash thickener/belt press system prior to disposal to landfill. The system includes a state of the art Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) system for computer control of the operation. The unit was commissioned in August 1996 and has been in continuous operation since that time except for a one week inspection and maintenance shutdown in February 1999. The plant operates 24 h/day, 7 days per week. The initial performance test showed the system to readily meet federal and state air emission standards. Particulate released was 0.002 grains per dry standard cubic foot, carbon monoxide was 22.5 parts per million volumetric (ppmv) and opacity was 0.4%. These results show a significant emission reduction with the fluid bed when compared to the multiple hearth. Annual tests conducted since then and continuous emission monitoring have shown the unit to be in consistent compliance. Since the fluid bed system became operational, the old multiple hearth system has been maintained on standby as a backup, but its use has not been required. Operational experience is discussed, the most interesting of which is the relatively trouble-free operation. The minor problems which occurred and their solutions are detailed. Also included is a comparison of operation and maintenance experience of the fluid bed and the multiple hearth. Current sludge disposal actual cost data are also provided including the average cost per ton of dry solids treated. The almost three years of operational experience to date has shown that the decision to install a new fluid bed system was the correct one on both an environmental and economic basis. It has provided benefits to all interested parties — the wastewater treatment plant, the regulators, the taxpayers, and the surrounding community.     

纤维板厂废水处理实验

用明矾作混凝剂，生石灰为助凝剂剂对纤维板厂生产废水进行混凝处理，COD去除率达67％，其上清液用延时生化法，曝气12h后，出水COD，SS，PH，色度均达到行业排放标准，沉淀用低速离心脱水，效果显著，泥饼可作为燃料综合利用。     

污泥酸化速率影响因子的探讨

采用城市污水厂污泥作为嗜酸微生物菌株来源,通过添加一定量的单质硫,使其中的嗜酸硫杆菌群大量增殖,并使污泥pH大幅降低.取得的培养物可用于废旧干电池中重金属沥滤等的处理.由于培养物对重金属沥滤效率和污泥的酸化速率密切相关,为此进行了不同的污泥种类、加硫量、污泥浓度和曝气强度对污泥酸化速率影响的实验.实验表明,初沉泥、二沉泥和混合浓缩污泥都能迅速利用硫产酸;加硫量(以100 mL污泥计)在0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 g时,快速酸化的趋势相同.0.5 g的加硫量显示出略微慢的酸化速率,最后达到的最低pH在1.2左右,其他三个都降至1.0以下.污泥质量分数在0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%时,也具有相同的酸化趋势,0.5%质量分数的污泥下降速率最快,这与较低浓度下污泥对pH的缓冲能力较小有关;曝气强度在0.45 L/min和0.3 L/min差别较小,5 d内能迅速降低pH,0.2 L/min的酸化速率较慢,足够长的时间(12 d)也能将pH降至2.5左右,0.1 L/min的曝气强度的酸化速率最慢,不能达到预期的酸化效果.     

臭氧在污泥减量技术中的应用

大量的剩余污泥已成为国内外污水处理行业亟待解决的问题,因此各种物理、化学和生物方法被应用到污泥处理中,臭氧以其独特的性质从一开始应用就备受青睐.详细地说明了臭氧在污泥减量技术中应用的背景及原理,重点介绍了臭氧对污泥性质的影响,并分别从臭氧氧化技术与传统活性污泥法组合、与AO工艺组合、与膜生物反应器(MBR)组合、与磷回收工艺组合、与SBR工艺组合等角度分析了臭氧在污泥减量技术中的应用与现状、目前存在的问题及未来的发展方向.     

SBR工艺处理糠醛废水研究

将糠醛厂塔底废水与其他生产废水混合,利用SBR工艺进行处理,研究了运行工况、污泥负荷和进水pH等对处理效果的影响.结果表明,反应操作灵活;适宜运行参数为pH 6～8,进水10 min,搅拌100 min,曝气120 min,沉淀120 min,出水10min;当进水COD≤950 mg/L,日污泥负荷MCOD/MMLSS=0.346时,出水COD＜100 mg/L.     

PAC-MBR处理垃圾渗滤液的硝化性能研究

研究了粉末活性炭(PAC)作为载体的膜生物反应器(MBR)处理吹脱后垃圾渗滤液的硝化性能.在HRT=3 d、NH 4-N=200～500 mg/L条件下,进水pH＞8.7时,PAC-MBR和没有添加PAC的普通MBR均只能将氨氮转化为NO-2;降低pH至7.6～8.2时,PAC-MBR中的亚硝酸盐氧化菌迅速恢复活性,将NO-2完全转化为硝酸盐,而普通MBR仍然停留在亚硝化阶段;当吹脱取消后,NO-2迅速消失,这可能与取消吹脱后,不再使用大量硫酸进行pH调节有关.研究发现,当SO2-4为3 g/L时,氨氮氧化速度出现了明显的下降,表明SO2-4对硝化菌具有抑制作用;同时,微生物代谢产物(SMP)分泌量越高,NO-2含量越低,但是SMP不是影响NO-2积累的主要原因.     

An executive review of sludge pretreatment by sonication

Ultrasonication (US), which creates hydro-mechanical shear forces in cavitation, is an advanced technology in sludge pretreatment. However, there are many factors affecting the efficacy of cavitation and ultrasonication disintegration of sludge as a consequence. The objective of this work is to present an extensive review of evaluation approaches of sludge US pretreatment efficiency. Besides, optimization methodologies of related parameters, the differences of optimum values and the similarities of affecting trends on cavitation and sludge pretreatment efficiency were specifically pointed out, including ambient conditions, ultrasonic properties, and sludge characteristics. The research is a prerequisite for optimization of sludge US pretreatment efficiency in lab-scale and practical application. There is not-yet a comprehensive method to evaluate the efficiency of sludge US pretreatment, but some main parameters commonly used for this purpose are degree of sludge disintegration, proteins, particle size reduction, etc. Regarding US parameters, power input P_US, intensity I_US, and frequency F_S seem to have significant effects. However, the magnitude of the effect of P_US and probe size in terms of I_US has not been clearly detailed. Investigating very low F_S seems interesting but has not yet been taken into consideration. In addition, static pressure effect has been marginally studied only and investigation on the effect of pH prior to US process has been restricted. Their effects therefore should be varied separately and simultaneously with other related parameters, i.e. process conditions, ultrasonic properties, and sludge characteristics, to optimize sludge US pretreatment process.     

NITROGEN ACCUMULATION IN A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR DAIRY WASTEWATER TREATMENT1

ABSTRACT: A free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland was installed at a dairy in Glendale, Arizona, to study the potential of such a wetland to remove nitrogen (N) from wastewater. The study objectives were: (1) to determine N removal from the wastewater, and (2) to evaluate N accumulation in soil and plant tissues. The system consisted of eight cells (70 × 9 × 1.5 m) planted with Typha domingensis, Scirpus validus, and Phragmites australis. The four cells in series were lined with plastic, and the four cells in a parallel series were lined with clay. Cells received approximately 180 m³/d of partially treated dairy effluent. Plant tissues and soil samples were collected above and below ground from 24 locations during one year. Total N removal from wastewater was about 17 percent. Clay‐lined cells accumulated more N in the soil and less N in plant biomass compared with plastic lined cells. Plant biomass accounted for approximately 60 percent of total N accumulated in cells with dense plant communities. Ninety percent of accumulated soil N was organic. Total N accumulated in soil reached a maximum (1,100 mg/kg) eight months after the introduction of wastewater.     

Changes in biomass activity and characteristics of activated sludge exposed to low ozone dose

In this paper, the response mechanism of activated sludge exposed to low-dose ozone at less than 20 mg O₃ g⁻¹ total suspended solids (TSS) was studied by analyzing the changes in sludge activity and the evolution of C, N, P and metals from sludge following ozonation. The intracellular ATP concentration was not affected at less than 5 mg O₃ g⁻¹ TSS and thereafter decreased rapidly to around 60% when the ozone dose increased to 20 mg O₃ g⁻¹ TSS. Similarly, the efficiency of sludge solubilization initially changed a little and then increased rapidly to around 30% at an ozone dose of 20 mg O₃ g⁻¹ TSS. However, the activities of superoxide dismutase and protease decreased immediately upon exposure to ozone. These findings indicate that ozone firstly destroys the floc, leading to the disruption of the compact aggregates, which does not affect cells viability but induces a decrease in enzyme activities. Ozone then attacks the bacterial cells of the sludge, causing a decrease in cells viability. During ozonation, the content of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the sludge matrix decreased, while the content of these elements in the micro-solids and supernatant gradually increased. Most of the released metals from the sludge matrix were found in the micro-solids.     

市政脱水污泥的间接干化动力学研究

以食用油为热介质,在不同油浴温度下,对市政脱水污泥进行间接干化试验,推导出间接干化动力学模型,并对收集的冷凝液进行水质分析。结果表明:冷凝液为高浓度有机废水,TOC占TC的比例为73.2010%~75.5983%;VFAs的主要组分是乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、异戊酸和正戊酸,其中异丁酸所占比例最高(45.597%),其次为丙酸(24.554%);通过动力学模型的参数估值,Z模型(n≠1)因高R~2值和低RSS值而能很好的预测间接干化过程。