小流量污水处理工艺——OxiSequencer

介绍了一种针对小流量污水现场处理的工艺－－OxiSequencer。解释了工艺的基本原理、特点和应用等情况。说明OxiSequencer是一种适于分散小流量污水现场处理的系统。     

滴滤床在小城镇生活污水处理中的应用

针对小城镇生活污水的特点,开发出了以滴滤床为主的生活污水处理技术路线,讨论了滴滤床技术原理及其构造,分析了运行效果和运行成本,得出该技术具有处理效果好且水质稳定、操作简单,维护量小,符合国家倡导的"高效-低耗的城镇污水处理技术".     

Population viability analysis as a tool in wildlife conservation policy: With reference to Australia

Wildlife conservation policy for endangered species restoration follows a six-phase process. Population viability analysis (PVA) can play a major contributing role in four of these. PVA, as discussed here, is a technique where extinction vulnerabilities of small populations are estimated using computer simulation modeling. The benefits and limitations of using PVA in wildlife decision and policy processes are reviewed based on our direct experience. PVA permits decision makers to set time frames for management, estimate the required magnitude of restoration efforts, identify quantitative targets for species recovery, and select, implement, monitor, and evaluate management strategies. PVA is of greatest value for rare species policy and management. However, a limitation of PVA simulation models is that they are constrained by the amount of biological data available, and such data are difficult to obtain from small populations that are at immediate risk of extinction. These problems may be overcome with improved models and more data. Our experience shows benefits of PVA far outweigh its limitations, and applications of the approach are most useful when integrated with decision analysis and completed within an adaptive management philosophy. PVAs have been carried out for 14 Victorian species and less used elsewhere in Australia. Management and recovery plans are developed from these PVAs. We recommend that PVA be used to guide research programs, develop conservation strategies, and inform decision and policy making for both endangered and nonendangered species because it can significantly improve many aspects of natural resource policy and management.     

Barriers to the enterprise culture: new firm formation in the merchant city area of glasgow

The paper reports the study of a group of twenty‐two new firm founders in the retail sector, in the Merchant City, an historic part of inner Glasgow that has recently undergone a miraculous revitalisation in a vein similar to that of the Docklands areas of London and Liverpool. The principal aim is to indicate how far the long term unemployed will be involved in this particular part of the enterprise culture, whether directly, or indirectly as a result of expanded employment opportunities. The results provide an upper limit of what we could expect this type of economic development to achieve in less attractive areas. The study provides a useful comparison to previous work concentrated on the manufacturing sector and suggests that the results from such work apply across sectors.     

Spatial methods for plot-based sampling of wildlife populations

Classical sampling methods can be used to estimate the mean of a finite or infinite population. Block kriging also estimates the mean, but of an infinite population in a continuous spatial domain. In this paper, I consider a finite population version of block kriging (FPBK) for plot-based sampling. The data are assumed to come from a spatial stochastic process. Minimizing mean-squared-prediction errors yields best linear unbiased predictions that are a finite population version of block kriging. FPBK has versions comparable to simple random sampling and stratified sampling, and includes the general linear model. This method has been tested for several years for moose surveys in Alaska, and an example is given where results are compared to stratified random sampling. In general, assuming a spatial model gives three main advantages over classical sampling: (1) FPBK is usually more precise than simple or stratified random sampling, (2) FPBK allows small area estimation, and (3) FPBK allows nonrandom sampling designs.     

Economic analysis of reform policies for small coal mines in China

Over the last three decades, China’s coal industry has achieved dramatic increases in coal production, both in absolute terms and relative to the world as a whole. This achievement is due largely to its coal policies. Yet facing increasing pressures of environmental sustainability and market transition, the Chinese government was forced to make deep reforms and adjustments to regulate the coal industry effectively. This paper presents an historical overview of China’s coal economic policies, paying particular attention to the current reform policy of closing mines and restricting the yield for the small coal mines (SCMs) in the context of economic theories and methods. We argue that the SCM closure policy would not likely be efficiently enforced if a feasible market mechanism were not built up. The failure of closure policy is due largely to problems of property rights, coal pricing, ownership, and objectives.     

如何实现小城镇生活垃圾资源化

小城镇生活垃圾处理应重视资源化,但小城镇生活垃圾资源化面I临城镇规模、垃圾组分、经济、技术和市场等众多因素的制约。逐一分析这些制约因素并结合实例提出了小城镇生活垃圾资源化的三种实现模式,即纳管模式、组团模式和单建模式,探讨了三种模式的适用范围。     

Caribbean small-island tourism styles and sustainable strategies

This article focuses on developing a sustainable tourism in small Caribbean islands, defined here as those that have populations of fewer than 500,000. Such islands share a very fragile ecology and a high dependence on tourism. They differ in their degree of tourist penetration and visitor density and the related degree of environmental degradation. To explain the link between tourism intensity and ecological vulnerability, the so-called “destination life-cycle model” is presented. This suggests that islands pass through three primary stages of tourist development low-density exploration, rapid growth and consolidation, and high-density maturation involving the substitution of man-made for natural attractions. A broad empirical test of the model is performed through a quantitative examination of the tourism characteristics and visitor densities of a cross section of 23 small Caribbean islands. The three basic stages or tourism styles are identified: low-impact emerging areas, high-density mass-market mature destinations, and rapidly growing intermediate islands in between. Some broad strategies consistent with the systems framework for a sustainable tourism with moderate densitites are briefly explored. An earlier version of this article was presented to Caribbean Conservation Association Conference on Economics and the Environment. Barbados, West Indies, 6–8 November, 1989.     

Working in small enterprises – Is there a special risk?

Ownership structure is an important factor. For independent enterprises, the ergonomic, physical and chemical work environment is more hazardous in small enterprises than in large ones. For enterprises that are part of a larger organization, the work environment tends to be more hazardous in large enterprises when controlling for the same factors. For the psychosocial factors, the trend is different – better in small than in large enterprises independent of ownership. In all enterprises, both public and private, the quality of health and safety management systems and workplace assessment is remarkably higher in large than in small enterprises.These differences in work environment for small and large enterprises have been studied in the ‘Danish Work Environment Cohort Study’ and ‘Surveillance of health and safety activities in enterprises’. These datasets are linked together to a reliable database with data on work environment and enterprises including size, ownership structure, and health and safety management.     

The Middle Eastern small towns

In recent years there has been a large increase in the number of small towns with populations between 5,000 and 10,000 in the Middle East. They represent an immense variety of urban types fulfilling a great range of functions. This paper looks at the characteristics of these settlements and argues that they have been largely neglected in the study of Middle East urbanisation and calls for comprehensive national urban planning orientated towards the needs of small towns.