电感耦合等离子体-质谱法内标元素选择的研究

电感耦合等离子体-质谱(ICP-MS)测定土壤标样中不同质量段的Cr、Cd、Pb元素,借以研究内标元素选择对测定值的影响。结果表明:选择内标元素,首要考虑因素是样品中不含该元素,而非质量数或第一电离能与待测元素接近;选择样品中含有成分作为内标元素时,对低浓度含量的元素影响更大;单一内标元素即可校正基体效应,实现对低、中、高质量段的多元素同时测定。对地质标样和未知样品,分别推荐了内标元素和选择内标元素的方法。     

重点区域建设用地污染地块特征分析

以我国工业发展的重点区域京津冀、长三角和珠三角为研究对象,基于2018～2021年纳入《建设用地土壤污染风险管控和修复名录》的共496个污染地块,对其区域分布、土壤和地下水超标污染物特征、污染的行业相关性、场地地质条件等数据进行相关数据统计分析.结果表明:京津冀污染地块主要分布于京津和冀南,长三角污染地块数量最大且分布广,珠三角污染地块则密布于珠江口.整体上土壤污染以重金属-有机复合污染为主(48.43%),地下水则是有机污染占比(42.49%)最大.化学原料及化学品制造业和金属冶炼及延压加工业污染地块风险负荷指数大于0.25,为较高风险;塑料和橡胶制品业、机械制造、金属制品业、电器机械及器材制造业和皮革、皮毛制造业污染地块为中风险,其余行业污染地块为低风险.场地土壤和地下水污染分布与历史行业类型息息相关,如土壤中化学原料及化学品制造业超标污染物种类最复杂,卤代烃(占比12%)和苯系物(占比10.4%)相比其余行业占比更重,地下水中各行业重金属污染和常规指标如氨氮需要关注.土层深度上各类典型污染物最大超标普遍分布在0～5m,整体上重金属最大污染超标深度大于有机污染最大超标深度;土壤性质...     

中国滨海湿地土壤汞空间分布及影响因素

通过对7个典型滨海湿地土壤（0～20cm）中总汞含量及土壤理化性质、气候以及社会经济因素的测定收集,研究了滨海湿地土壤中汞的空间分布规律和影响因子之间的关系,并对不同介质环境内汞含量进行分析.结果表明:我国滨海湿地土壤总汞的含量范围是1.26～169.94ng/g,平均值为（33.82±3.09） ng/g;滨海湿地土壤汞含量差异是由土壤理化性质、社会经济以及气候因素共同影响的结果,其中土壤理化性质中pH值、有机质、总铁、总氮为关键影响因素;在汞的输入途径中,河流输送对中国滨海湿地土壤总汞含量的影响要高于大气输送.     

RECOVERY: A Contaminated Sediment-Water Interaction Model

This paper describes the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers screening-level water quality model (RECOVERY version 3.0) for assessing long-term impacts of contaminated bottom sediments on surface waters. The model couples contaminant interaction between the water column and the bottom sediment, as well as between contaminated and clean bottom sediments. The analysis is intended primarily for organic contaminants with the assumption that the overlying water column is well mixed vertically. The contaminant is assumed to follow linear, reversible, equilibrium sorption and first-order decay kinetics. The system is physically represented as a well-mixed water column (i.e., zero-dimensional) underlain by a vertically-stratified sediment column (i.e., one-dimensional). The sediment is well-mixed horizontally but segmented vertically into a well-mixed surface (active) layer and deep sediment. The deep sediment is segmented into variably contaminated and clean sediment regions. Processes incorporated in the model are sorption, decay, volatilization, burial, resuspension, settling, bioturbation, and pore-water diffusion. The solution couples contaminant mass balance in the water column and in the mixed sediment layer along with diffusion in the deep sediment layers. The model was verified against laboratory and field data, as well as against an analytical solution for the water and mixed sediment layers. These comparisons indicate that the model can be used as an assessment tool for evaluating remediation alternatives for contaminated bottom sediments.     

Effect of vehicle exhaust on the quantity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil

PAHs are formed during the incomplete combustion of organic substances containing carbon and hydrogen and are one of the first atmospheric pollutants identified as carcinogens. Most of the PAH environmental burden is found in the soil (95%). Soil samples collected from different roadsides were analyzed for seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The quantitative and qualitative analysis was carried out by UV Spectrophotometer. The individual PAH value ranged from 0.1 to 18.0 mg/kg. Phenenthrene and Pyrene were found to be the most abundant compounds. Vehicle emissions are the principal source of PAH in the Roadside soils. The highest concentration was found at site S2 (Hasthtnagri Roadside) which shows the highest traffic density.     

Migration and biological effect of natural heavy radionuclides on plants

A complex radioecological study of technogenic landscapes of southern Yakutia showed that the main factor responsible for their contamination with uranium and radium is radionuclide dispersal by air with products of rock weathering. Coefficients of biological absorption by plants decrease with an increase in the contamination level, which is explained by the fact that strongly fixed forms of uranium and radium prevail in the contaminated areas. In addition, the root barrier plays an important role. Radiation load is mainly determined by background gamma-radiation. The contribution of internal irradiation accounted for by incorporated radionuclides does not exceed 16% and decreases with an increase in the level of soil contamination. Manchurian alder seeds produced under conditions of enhanced background radiation are more viable than those from the control area. It is shown that seed generations of plants growing under conditions of chronic irradiation are highly resistant to the radiation factor.     

重金属污染土壤的草酸和EDTA混合淋洗研究

采用不同浓度的草酸(oxalic acid,OX)和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)混合的淋洗方法研究重金属污染土壤的最佳混合淋洗方式,探讨了液固比、淋洗时间及pH对淋洗效果的影响,并分析了0.2 mol/L OX+0.2 mol/L EDTA处理前后土壤中重金属形态的变化。结果表明,采用0.2 mol/L OX+0.2 mol/L EDTA混合的淋洗法可同时去除多种重金属,且对Cu、Zn、Ni和Cr的去除率明显高于单用OX和EDTA,去除率分别为Cu 41.29%、Zn 84.73%、Ni 54.2%和Cr 66.01%。0.2mol/L OX+0.2 mol/L EDTA在液固比为5∶1、淋洗时间为4 h、pH为6时可分别达到最佳淋洗效果,且分别为Cu 62.59%、Zn 93.48%、Ni 55.95%和Cr 71.57%;Cu 50.47%、Zn 86.67%、Ni 61.53%和Cr 72.68%;Cu 44.40%、Zn 81.82%、Ni68.76%和Cr 74.93%。形态分析结果表明,0.2 mol/L OX+0.2 mol/L EDTA能较好地改变土壤中重金属形态的分布。     

Sugarcane straw management and soil attributes on alachlor and diuron sorption in highly weathered tropical soils

This research evaluated the effects of the new sugarcane harvesting system (without straw burning) and soil attributes on the organic carbon (OC) accumulation and sorption of alachlor (2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide) and diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) in highly weathered Brazilian soils. Alachlor was more likely to leach (K _d,app = 1.0–7.0 L kg^?1 and mean K _oc,app = 174 L kg^?1) than diuron (K _d,app = 6.2–116.3 L kg^?1 and mean K _oc,app = 1789 L kg^?1). The sorption coefficient (K _d,app) values correlated better with soil OC contents, but the Fe-oxides also played an important role in these highly weathered soils. Sorption was enhanced in the areas without straw burning mostly due to OC accumulation that was higher in the clayey soils, but it was not enough to change their mobility classification.     

Degradation kinetics of forchlorfenuron in typical grapevine soils of India and its influence on specific soil enzyme activities

The rate of degradation of forchlorfenuron, a cytokinin-based plant growth regulator (PGR) was explored in typical grapevine soils of India with simultaneous evaluation of its effect on biochemical attributes of the test soils in terms of the activities of specific soil microbial enzymes. In all the test soils, namely clay, sandy-loam and silty-clay, the dissipation rate was faster at the beginning, which slowed down with time, indicating a non-linear pattern of degradation. Degradation in soils could best be explained by two-compartment 1st + 1st order kinetics with half-life ranging between 4–10 days. The results suggest that organic matter might be playing a major role in influencing the rate of degradation of forchlorfenuron in soil. The rate of degradation in sandy-loam soil was fastest followed by clay and silty-clay soils, respectively. Comparison of the rate of degradation in natural against sterilized soils suggests that microbial degradation might be the major pathway of residue dissipation. Changes in soil enzyme activities as a consequence of forchlorfenuron treatment were studied for extra-cellular enzymes namely acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and β -glucosidase and intracellular enzyme-dehydrogenase. Although small changes in enzyme activities were observed, forchlorfenuron did not have any significant deleterious effect on the enzymatic activity of the test soils. Simple correlation studies between degradation percentage and individual enzyme activities did not establish any significant relationships. The pattern and change of enzyme activity was primarily the effect of the incubation period rather than the effect of forchlorfenuron itself.     

场地污染土壤和地下水修复中受监控的自然修复/恢复技术的应用与研究进展

场地污染土壤和地下水的修复可以分为两个阶段,第1阶段是以消除对人体可能产生的健康风险为主要目标的工程修复,第2阶段是以消除对生态环境的影响为主要目标的自然修复/恢复.受监控的自然修复/恢复技术和强化自然修复/恢复技术具有成本低廉、修复作用持续等优点,在场地污染土壤和地下水的修复中具有广泛的应用潜力,其在消除生态影响和规避修复工程风险方面的作用是工程修复无法取代的.介绍了受监控的自然修复/恢复技术的4种主要途径及其在欧美国家污染土壤和地下水修复中的应用情况,提出了受监控的自然修复/恢复技术的方法步骤,以及这项技术在中国污染土壤和地下水修复中的应用潜力,以期为中国在受监控的自然修复/恢复技术上的科学研究和修复实践提供参考.