A cost analysis of a smoke alarm installation and fire safety education program

INTRODUCTION: While smoke alarm installation programs can help prevent residential fire injuries, the costs of running these programs are not well understood. METHOD: We conducted a retrospective cost analysis of a smoke alarm installation program in 12 funded communities across four states. Costs included financial and economic resources needed for training, canvassing, installing, and following-up, within four cost categories: (a) personnel, (b) transportation, (c) facility, and (d) supplies. RESULTS: Local cost per completed home visit averaged 214.54 dollars, with an average local cost per alarm installed of 115.02 dollars. Combined state and local cost per alarm installed across all four states averaged 132.15 dollars. For every 1% increase in alarm installation, costs per alarm decrease by 1.32 dollars. CONCLUSIONS: As more smoke alarms are installed, the average installation cost per alarm decreases. By demonstrating effective economies of scale, this study suggests that smoke alarm programs can be implemented efficiently and receive positive economic returns on investment.     

纵向通风条件下隧道坡度对火灾烟气流动影响的实验研究

纵向通风是隧道烟气控制的常用手段之一,若风速足够大,烟气会保证向一个方向蔓延,达到纵向排烟的目的,但同时过大的风速可能会破坏烟气层结构,造成烟气层紊乱,危害到地面附近疏散的人群。因此隧道排烟的策略应是在保证烟气层维持一定时间分层的前提下合理排烟。在实际中,很多隧道都是存在坡度的,这就可能产生烟囱效应,导致倾斜隧道内烟气的扩散速度会与水平隧道不同,进而影响到纵向通风排烟策略。本文采用比例模型的实验方法,对不同坡度及纵向通风风速条件下隧道内火灾烟气流动规律进行了研究。结果表明,隧道坡度越大冷空气卷吸越强烈,烟气降温越快,烟气沉降速度也越快。同时初步得到了本实验条件下的烟气分层化临界风速,并与理论分析结果吻合得较好,为研究烟气的运动情况和人员疏散方案提供重要参考依据。     

高效生物滴滤床净化含二甲苯废气的实验研究

通过摇床实验筛选出一株二甲苯降解菌．将该菌种接种于生物滴滤床中,研究其净化含二甲苯废气的效果。实验结果表明,纯菌种的生物滴滤床的净化效果比混合菌种生物滴滤床有显著提高。当气体停留时间在28．3～84．8s变化时,系统的净化效率变化不大;当气体停留时间缩短到17．0s时,滤床的净化效率随人口浓度有较大变化。在实验范围内,喷淋液的流量对滤床的净化效果几乎没有影响。滤床填料中生物量分布呈递减趋势。