Disparities in the prevalence of smoke alarms in U.S. households: Conclusions drawn from published case studies

Introduction

Deaths from fires and burns are a leading cause of fatal home injury in the United States. Smoke alarms are one of the most effective interventions to prevent residential fire deaths. Nationwide, more than 95% of homes are estimated to have at least one smoke alarm. There is evidence that homes at highest risk of fire deaths lag behind national averages in smoke alarm use and maintenance.

Method

We compiled a comprehensive list of published studies that focus on smoke alarm prevalence in high-risk homes. Our findings show that there are substantial gaps in both smoke alarm presence and functional status between high-risk homes and national average estimates.

Conclusions

To save more lives, improved efforts are needed to reduce the disparity in smoke alarm prevalence and functional use in the United States.     

计算机在锅炉烟尘、烟气测试数据处理中的应用

通过应用计算机 Fox BASE+ 语言程序对锅炉烟尘、烟气测试数据的处理 ,使测试数据更为准确、高效 ,并可减轻工作人员劳动强度。     

火灾中的烟气毒性研究

建筑火灾中致人死亡的因素除了热以外,更多的是因为烟气的毒性,因此加强对烟的特性进行研究显得十分迫切。本文首次介绍了2种常用的烟气毒性的评估方法,然后综述了不同规模的实验技术,并着重介绍了火灾早期特性实验台。最后阐明了烟气毒性研究今后的发展方向。     

火灾过程中羽流模型及其评价

总结了Zukoski(1)、Zukoski(2 )、NFPA、McCaffre和Thomas -Hinkley几种常见的羽流模型和适用条件 ,运用算例对几种常见羽流模型的羽流质量流量、保持一定冷空气高度条件下的热烟气层温度和排烟体积流量进行了对比分析。结果表明 ,在冷空气层高度 2m～ 3m时 ,各羽流模型的计算结果较为接近 ;在冷空气层高度较大时 ,小面积火源条件下Zukoski(1)、Zukoski(2 )、NFPA三个模型的计算结果较为接近 ,McCaffre模型计算的羽流质量流量最大 ,热烟气层温度最低 ,排烟体积流量最大 ;大面积火源条件下 ,McCaffre模型和Thomas -Hinkley模型相比 ,羽流质量流量大 ,热烟气层温度最低 ,排烟体积流量大。在相同房间高度和地板面积条件下 ,羽流质量流量大则热烟气的充填时间短     

高校宿舍楼火灾及人员疏散数值研究

为研究高校宿舍火灾烟气蔓延过程与人员疏散效果的相关联系,利用数值模拟研究了不同火灾场景下烟气流动、能见度、温度随时间变化的规律,及其对人员安全疏散的影响。研究表明:(1)火灾发生后,由于烟囱效应,烟气迅速在楼梯间蓄积,形成蓄烟池效应,堵塞疏散通道,然后逐渐发展至上部的楼层空间,对人员安全疏散极为不利;(2)高校宿舍楼人员较为集中,火灾发生时疏散人员在楼梯间易出现拥堵,人员火灾安全疏散的形势较为严峻;(3)喷淋、宿舍人数控制、建筑结构优化等安全措施能有效提高人员疏散效果,降低火灾危险性;(4)研究成果能为建筑防火设计、消防整改和宿舍管理提供科学依据。     

欧洲城市垃圾焚烧及烟气净化

简单介绍欧洲市政垃圾处理趋势，并讨论焚烧炉设计、烟气净化及二恶英控制等问题。     

简易过滤法对饮食业油烟雾的净化处理

选用新型过滤材料改性聚丙烯GXPP＃，以折叠型平行气流布置方式的过滤器结构进行了油烟雾净化实验，找出了过滤器的最佳结构参数，并进行了过滤器的净化能力及耐久性能试验。结果表明：该过滤器净化效率高，寿命长，阻力小，使用方便，成本低，具有较高的应用推广价值。     

水雾水膜式厨房油烟净化装置

针对第三产业油烟扰民的实际情况，开发出集排烟、净化于一体的湿法去除厨房油烟的装置，此法的关键在于喷嘴在较低的泵压下形成的伞状水膜和在其下部形成的雾化效果极佳的水雾．运行结果表明，此法净化效率较高、性能稳定、维护操作方便，价格适宜．     

Indonesian peat and vegetation fire emissions: Study on factors influencing large-scale smoke haze pollution using a regional atmospheric chemistry model

Numerical modelling of fire-related smoke haze episodes in Southeast Asia is important for both prediction and assessment of atmospheric impacts, especially when observational data are fragmentary, as is the case in Indonesia. This work describes the atmospheric fate of smoke particles emitted during the 1997 Indonesian fires modelled with a regional atmospheric chemistry model. We established a new fire emission inventory and calculate that 55 teragram (Tg) of particulate matter and 1098 Tg of carbon were released during this fire episode. Our emission estimate is an intermediate value compared with other studies. Utilising different scenarios, we demonstrate the variable atmospheric impacts of surface vegetation fires and peat soil fires separately and also investigate the sensitivity of smoke dispersion to the differing meteorological conditions of an El Niño and a normal year. When peat fires are included in the emission inventory, modelled ambient particle concentrations exceed the ambient air quality standard across transboundary scales. In a scenario including only surface vegetation fires, ambient air quality standards are exceeded only in areas close to the main fires. This scenario demonstrates the prominent role of fires in peat areas in causing regional air pollution episodes. In years with normal meteorological conditions, intermittent precipitation and associated wet deposition during the dry season are predicted to remove most of the particulate emissions close to the sources. Strongly reduced rainfall and generally stronger southeasterly winds during El Niño years provide favourable conditions for larger scale smoke haze pollution.     

新型燃煤烟气净化装置的脱硫性能研究

通过实验 ,考察了新型燃煤烟气净化装置的性能。采用喷钙水浴烟气净化工艺 ,在钙硫比为 1.4～ 1.6时 ,其综合脱硫效率可达 85～ 90 % ,阻力损失为 4 5 0～ 5 2 0 Pa;不加脱硫剂的水浴平均脱硫率为 5 5 % ;当喷钙倾角由向上 30°变为向下 30°时 ,喷钙脱硫效率相应由 16 .5 %增加到 38.4 %。