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151.
152.
James A. Seagraves K. William Easter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1983,19(4):663-672
ABSTRACT Alternative combinations of water pricing and regulations are possible in allocating irrigation water. The best combination will depend on the value of water, ability to control deliveries, desire to subsidize agriculture, ownership traditions, crops grown, return flows, drainage problems, staff training, ability to collect fees, the number of farmers involved, etc. Marginal cost pricing is just one possible alternative and it is more a way of thinking about prices rather than a set system. The possibilities for achieving an equitable and efficient distribution of water are improved if some form of marginal cost pricing is included in the system of water charges. 相似文献
153.
Community water supply programmes are seen as instrumental in achieving the goal of ‘safe’ water for all. Women, a principal target group of these programmes, are to be benefited with greater convenience, enhanced socio‐cultural opportunities and better health for themselves and their families, provided through improved water facilities. Water supply programmes largely consist of three essential components, namely: technology, people and institutions. Although such programmes are intended to benefit women members of local communities, scant attention is paid to the impacts of the socio‐cultural context of the community on these programmes. This article explores the influence of social and cultural intricacies on the implementation of community water supply programmes, and assesses their effectiveness. The article offers important lessons for the design and implementation of this type of programme. It concludes that the local socio‐cultural context sets the stage for programme implementation, being a dynamic factor that determines actual access to water sources, more so than mere physical availability, which is often used as a criterion for programme performance. The article stresses the urgent need to integrate socio‐cultural factors as a fourth dimension in designing community water supply programmes, and suggests practical measures for enhancing the effectiveness of such programmes. 相似文献
154.
Land-use planning using geographic information systems (GIS) commonly emphasizes biophysical spatial data; however planning
can be improved by integrating spatial sets of socioeconomic data into the GIS. As an example, we compared a traditional GIS-aided
forestry planning protocol that considered only biophysical suitability, with an integrated GIS-aided approach that incorporated
both biophysical and socioeconomic suitability. The analyses were conducted for the planning of plantation investments in
the Kyaukpadaung Township in the dry zone of central Myanmar. The traditional approach used three biophysical layers for suitability:
land use, slope, and accessibility. In contrast, the integrated GIS approach included biophysical suitability data, perceptions
and preferences of local villagers towards forestry (social suitability), and quantitative socioeconomic data. The results
indicated that the integrated approach provided two principal benefits over the traditional method. First, the integrated
method resulted in a more precise idea of suitable sites for plantation investment that could benefit more rural people and
also lead to greater investment efficiency. Second, incorporating social preference into the GIS takes into account the crucial
element of social capital (viz., social preference), which should lead to higher levels of community acceptance of plantation
projects because those plantations would be established on socially suitable land. A second GIS exercise showed how conservation
investment decisions could be informed using the integrated method. The results of this study support the idea that GIS-aided
planning activities can be enhanced through the incorporation of social data into the analysis. When applicable, spatial data
collection efforts for GIS-based planning exercises should incorporate spatial socioeconomic data. 相似文献
155.
Adesoji Adelaja Donn Derr Karen Rose-Tank 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1989,2(2):97-112
A cash-flow viability model is used to evaluate the impacts of land-use zoning on farm households in New Jersey. Findings suggest that zoning results in increased production expenses, lower efficiency and profitability, and the devaluation of land assets. Cash flow and economic viability are, thus, reduced. Impacts of zoning on farm incomes, off-farm incomes, revenues from land sales, indebtedness, and farm sizes were not statistically significant. The results suggest that the use of land-use zoning statutes to guarantee the existence of agriculture may not be equitable unless transferable development rights or other methods of compensating farmers for their losses are simultaneously implemented. 相似文献
156.
Jeff Fox 《Environmental management》1984,8(3):243-249
People's dependence on firewood as a primary source of energy is causing serious deforestation problems in many developing countries. Reliable information on firewood consumption rates is needed to develop afforestation plans and to control deforestation. This study compares three methods used to determine firewood consumption in a Nepali village. Cultural and environmental factors that affect firewood consumption in the village are also examined.Theweight survey proved to be the most accurate method used. The less precisedaily recall andannual recall surveys overestimated actual firewood consumption by factors of 1.76 and 1.95, respectively. Overestimates are attributed to both physical and social factors. In view of the good agreement between daily and annual recall surveys, and the much greater ease of conducting the latter, annual recall surveys are recommended as the most practical method of monitoring firewood consumption rates. Validating the survey with occasional weighed measurements is suggested as a means of improving accuracy. 相似文献
157.
158.
通过对江苏油田清洁生产试点单位环保工作的全面总结,提出了当前油田清洁生产必须走管理与科技结合的道路,加强清生产的全面质量管理,并针对清洁生产过程如何消除污油,污水,尾气,套管气对环境的污染均提出了自己的思路。 相似文献
159.
Adaptive management is an approach to managing natural resources that emphasizes learning from the implementation of policies
and strategies. Adaptive management appears to offer a solution to the management gridlock caused by increasing complexity
and uncertainty. The concept of adaptive management has been embraced by natural resource managers worldwide, but there are
relatively few published examples of adaptive management in use. In this article, we explore two watershed management projects
in southeastern Australia to better understand the potential of adaptive management in regional scale programs through qualitative,
case study–based investigation. The program logic of one case implies the use of passive adaptive management, whereas the
second case claims to be based on active adaptive management. Data were created using participant observation, semistructured
interviews with individuals and groups, and document review. Using thematic content and metaphor analysis to explore the case
data, we found that each case was successful as an implementation project. However, the use of both passive and active adaptive
management was constrained by deeply entrenched social norms and institutional frameworks. We identified seven “imperatives”
that guided the behavior of project stakeholders, and that have consequences for the use of adaptive management. Reference
to recent evaluations of the Adaptive Management Areas of the Pacific Northwest of the United States suggests that some of
these imperatives and their consequences have broad applicability. The implications of our findings are discussed, and suggestions
for improving the outcomes of regional scale adaptive management are provided. 相似文献
160.
环境保护纳入小康和现代化评价指标体系探析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
朱德明 《环境监测管理与技术》1997,9(3):3-5
结合江苏省环境保护实例,探讨把环境保护纳入小康和现代化评价指标体系的机遇,难点和方法。 相似文献