全文获取类型
收费全文 | 647篇 |
免费 | 4篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 28篇 |
废物处理 | 5篇 |
环保管理 | 186篇 |
综合类 | 92篇 |
基础理论 | 231篇 |
环境理论 | 4篇 |
污染及防治 | 27篇 |
评价与监测 | 16篇 |
社会与环境 | 43篇 |
灾害及防治 | 21篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 7篇 |
2021年 | 14篇 |
2020年 | 7篇 |
2019年 | 15篇 |
2018年 | 15篇 |
2017年 | 18篇 |
2016年 | 35篇 |
2015年 | 17篇 |
2014年 | 16篇 |
2013年 | 38篇 |
2012年 | 9篇 |
2011年 | 28篇 |
2010年 | 19篇 |
2009年 | 56篇 |
2008年 | 52篇 |
2007年 | 46篇 |
2006年 | 45篇 |
2005年 | 25篇 |
2004年 | 25篇 |
2003年 | 12篇 |
2002年 | 13篇 |
2001年 | 10篇 |
2000年 | 20篇 |
1999年 | 14篇 |
1998年 | 11篇 |
1997年 | 10篇 |
1996年 | 12篇 |
1995年 | 9篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 5篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有653条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
This Φ Ψ study of environmental equity uses secondary quantitative data to analyze socioeconomic disparities in environmental
conditions in the Rijnmond region of the Netherlands. The disparities of selected environmental indicators—exposure to traffic
noise (road, rail, and air), NO2, external safety risks, and the availability of public green space—are analyzed both separately and in combination. Not only
exposures to environmental burdens (“bads”) were investigated, but also access to environmental benefits (“goods”). Additionally,
we held interviews and reviewed documents to grasp the mechanisms underlying the environmental equity situation, with an emphasis
on the role of public policy. Environmental equity is not a priority in public policy for the greater Rotterdam region known
as the Rijnmond region, yet environmental standards have been established to provide a minimum environmental quality to all
local residents. In general, environmental quality has improved in this region, and the accumulation of negative environmental
outcomes (“bads”) has been limited. However, environmental standards for road traffic noise and NO2 are being exceeded, probably because of the pressure on space and the traffic intensity. We found an association of environmental
“bads” with income for rail traffic noise and availability of public green space. In the absence of regulation, positive environmental
outcomes (“goods”) are mainly left up to market forces. Consequently, higher-income groups generally have more access to environmental
“goods” than lower-income groups. 相似文献
52.
A Social Analysis of the Bioinvasions of Dreissena polymorpha in Spain and Hydrilla verticillata in Guatemala 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Human agency plays a key role in the processes of biological invasions. This comprises not only the human role in the configuration of driving forces or in the perception of the impacts, but also the conceptualization of alien species themselves as an environmental problem. This paper examines different stakeholders' positions in bioinvasion processes at different scales, and it looks at their relevance for the management of invasive species. It compares two cases: the invasion process of Dreissena polymorpha in the Ebro River in Spain and the case of Hydrilla verticillata in Lake Izabal, Guatemala. Our results are structured according to impacts and to management options. The discussion focuses on the relevance of incorporating the different stakeholders' interests and values in the analysis and management of biological invasions. Although social analysis of stakeholders' positions is necessary in order to foster management actions, it also reveals conflicts on the relevant criteria and on the very definition of invasive species. 相似文献
53.
Although the importance of understanding stakeholder beliefs regarding environmental policy has been noted by many authors,
research focusing on the heterogeneity of stakeholder views is still very scarce and concentrated on a product-oriented definition
of stakeholders. The aim of the present study is to address this gap by examining environmental policy beliefs of stakeholder
groups engaged in protected area management. Questionnaires containing 73 five-point Likert scale items were administered
to eight different stakeholder groups involved in the management of Greek protected areas. Items referred to core beliefs
on environmental policy, namely, the value framework and sustainable development, and secondary beliefs, that is, beliefs
on social consensus and ecotourism development. Our study used as a starting point respondent recruitment on the basis of
a traditional product-centered approach. We investigated whether environmental policy beliefs can be used to effectively segregate
stakeholders in well-defined segments, which override the product-oriented definition of stakeholders. Indeed, K-means clustering
revealed an innovation-introduction and an implementation-charged sample segment. The instrument utilized in this research
proved quite reliable and valid in measuring stakeholder environmental policy beliefs. Furthermore, the methodology implied
that stakeholder groups differ in a significant number of belief-system elements. On the other hand, stakeholder groups were
effectively distinguished on a small set of both core and secondary beliefs. Therefore, the instrument used can be an effective
tool for determining and monitoring environmental policy beliefs of stakeholders in protected area management. This is of
considerable importance in the Greek case, given the recent establishment of 27 administrative bodies of protected areas,
all of which are required to incorporate public consultation into management practices. 相似文献
54.
As resource conservation is an imperative for sustainable development, it is crucial to achieve a deeper understanding of the factors involved in people's decisions to recycle. This is even more so because the level of environmental concern is usually higher than the level of ecological behaviours. In this paper we take this fact as indicating that decision-making regarding conservation behaviours happens in the context of an internal debate where contradictory ideas are weighed up and the possibility of ambivalence arises. The main aim of this paper is therefore to explore how contradiction and ambivalence impact upon the attitudes, intentions and pro-ecological behaviours of the private sphere. The paper focuses specifically on the separation and deposition of metal cans, and compares the predictive capacity of beliefs, attitudes and intentions for two groups of respondents – one with a high and another with a low level of ambivalence, as assessed with a direct measure. The role of personal identity and the influence of structural constraints are also explored. Results demonstrate a clear moderating effect of experienced ambivalence, and show how beliefs, particularly negative ones, present a higher predictive capacity of the attitude in the high-ambivalence group, and personal identity plays a relevant role in predicting behaviour in both groups. We discuss the importance of pursuing the study of ambivalence when analysing decision-making in the conservation area. 相似文献
55.
Partha Dasgupta 《Sustainability Science》2007,2(1):5-11
In this lecture, I demonstrate how very different macroeconomic history begins to look if Nature is included as a capital
asset in production activities. The tentative conclusions I draw from the evidence are: (1) high population growth in the
world’s poorest regions (South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa) has been an obstacle to the achievement of sustainable economic
development there; relatedly, (2) when population growth is taken into account, the accumulation of manufactured capital,
knowledge, and human capital (health and education) has not compensated for the degradation of natural capital in South Asia
and sub-Saharan Africa and, in all probability, even in the UK and the US; (3) China is possibly an exception to (1) and (2).
This article is based on the Keynote Lecture delivered at the international symposium on “Sustainability in an Unequal World”,
held in Tokyo on November 24, 2006. The exposition relies on my book, Economics: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007.
The author is the Frank Ramsey Professor of Economics at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of St. John’s College,
Cambridge. 相似文献
56.
Evolution from a solitary way of life to sociality involves changes in the modalities of within-population aggression. This
paper is concerned with environmental causes of variation in aggression within the complex of mole-rat species Spalax ehrenbergi. We focus on physiological constraints associated with aggressive behaviour, i.e. those resulting from emotional arousal
and thus stress. Aggression, social stress sensitivity and urine osmolarity were studied in males of two chromosomal species
of Spalax ehrenbergi, 2n = 52 (occurring in cool humid areas) and 2n = 60 (occurring in warm arid zones). Males with 2n = 52 reached a higher level of within-population aggression during a 3-round tournament (an average, 488 ± 140 acts) than
males with 2n = 60 (163 ± 54 acts). The species with 2n = 52 displayed a higher corticosterone response after a social encounter (in average, 5.15 ± 0.54 μg/100 ml) than that with
2n = 60 (3.0 ± 0.3 μg/100 ml) whereas resting levels of this hormone were low and not different between the two species. Urine
osmolarity was significantly higher in males with 2n = 60 (331.9 ± 18.6 mmol/kg) than males with 2n = 52 (267.3 ± 10.9 mmol/kg). Considering the overall general trend urine osmolarity tended to be negatively related to the
level of aggression, while corticosterone levels tended to vary positively with aggressiveness (Fig. 3). Our results allow
further discussion of the hypothesis that high levels of aggression could be selected against in arid habitats due to their
physiological correlates (decrease in water economy, increased corticosterone leading to potential energy mobilisation and
loss). We propose that behavioural ecophysiology could have contributed to the radiation of the S. ehrenbergi superspecies into increasingly arid environments, and may favour evolution toward social tolerance.
Received: 10 June 1995/Accepted after revision: 25 October 1995 相似文献
57.
小城镇可持续发展公平性评价的定量探讨 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在分析了小城镇可持续发展公平性涵义的基础上,对小城镇可持续发展的公平性评价原则和指标进行了探讨,并针对一小城镇实例,探索性地构筑了小城镇可持续发展公平性评价的定量分析模型,且对应用中应注意的问题进行了说明. 相似文献
58.
Several factors thought to be important for the evolution of cooperative breeding in vertebrates have received little attention
in facultatively social insects. One of these, the “habitat saturation hypothesis” of Selander (1964), predicts that colony
sizes will be greater in breeding units where dispersal opportunities are limited, suggesting that group living is a secondary
option to independent reproduction. The Australian allodapine bee Exoneura bicolor exhibits a number of traits that occur in cooperatively breeding bird species, including long life-span, repeated opportunities
for reproduction, and vulnerability to brood predation and parasitism. We experimentally examined the effect of a potentially
limiting environmental factor, nesting substrate availability, as an agent influencing sociality in E. bicolor. We manipulated nesting substrate availability in two separate locations during a time when foundress dispersal is common.
No significant difference was found between colony sizes in cases where dispersal options were abundant and cases where dispersal
options were limited. An increase in opportunities for dispersal did not lead to higher rates of independent nesting, suggesting
that cooperative nesting is a preferred strategy regardless of distance-related costs of dispersal. Reproductivity per female
and brood survival were examined as factors selecting for group living. Low survival of brood in single-female nests has the
potential to select for cooperative nesting in this bee.
Received: 29 September 1995/Accepted after revision: 24 June 1996 相似文献
59.
Marco Keiner 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2005,6(4):379-392
The principle of sustainable development is now 15-year-old. There are a lot of definitions and models for its explanation — ranging from triangles and prisms to eggs — but still its sense is diffuse. Moreover, important aspects like equity are not sufficiently taken into account.The following article takes a critical look on sustainable development. It shows logical, systemic, philosophic and ethic reasons for the re-development of substantial parts of the principle of sustainability. Based on the proposed Principle of Good Heritage it provides a rough outline of a future Concept of Evolutionability, comprising a first tentative for a definition of evolutionable development, aiming at achieving a more appropriate and more workable mainstream view of sustainability.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
60.
INTRODUCTION: Psychological contracts of safety are conceptualized as the beliefs of individuals about reciprocal safety obligations inferred from implicit or explicit promises. Although the literature on psychological contracts is growing, the existence of psychological contracts in relation to safety has not been established. The research sought to identify psychological contracts in the conversations of employees about safety, by demonstrating reciprocity in relation to employer and employee safety obligations. The identified safety obligations were used to develop a measure of psychological contracts of safety. METHOD: The participants were 131 employees attending safety training sessions in retail and manufacturing organizations. Non-participant observation was used to collect the data during safety training sessions. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Categories for coding were established through identification of language markers that demonstrated contingencies or other implied obligations. RESULTS: Direct evidence of reciprocity between employer safety obligations and employee safety obligations was found in statements from the participants demonstrating psychological contracts. A comprehensive list of perceived employer and employee safety obligations was compiled and developed into a measure of psychological contracts of safety. A small sample of 33 safety personnel was used to validate the safety obligations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Implications of these findings for safety and psychological contract research are discussed. 相似文献