环境监测技术的现状及发展趋势

根据日本环境质量标准发展的需求,结合欧洲新近实施的相关环境标准,分析了环境监测技术需求和发展方向.     

A 14-year measurement of toxic elements in atmospheric particulates in Hong Kong from 1995 to 2008

Toxic elements in the atmosphere can enter and accumulate in the human body, seriously impacting human health. In this study, we analyzed a 14-year （1995-2008） measurement of three toxic elements （As, Cd and Cr） in PMlo in Hong Kong, China. The pollution of these toxic elements in Hong Kong was not serious. The trend analysis showed that As and Cr in PM10 increased at a statistically significant level （p〈0.05） during the 14-year period, while the Cd in PM10 did not change significantly. Typical seasonal variations were observed for all three toxic elements, largely in relation to the Asian monsoon. Hourly 10-day backward trajectories were computed and cate- gorised into four groups. The continental air masses showed much higher concentrations of the three toxic elements than the marine air masses. The abundances of As and Cd in the PM10 were much higher in the continental air masses than those in the marine air masses, while the abundances of Cr showed an opposite pattern. The trends of the three toxic elements in East China＇s air mass were consistent with those in the overall data set ofHong Kong. Examination of the toxic element data recorded at urban sites and a roadside site also indicated a large contribution of external air masses to particulate As and Cd in Hong Kong. These results suggest that the long-range transport from the mainland of China is the dominant contributor to particulate As and Cd, while both local and long-distance sources determine the particulate Cr in Hong Kong.     

乌鲁木齐河水环境质量及变化趋势分析

通过对乌鲁木齐河近十年(2001—2010年)水质监测数据的分析,结果表明,"十一五"期间乌鲁木齐河上游水质较好,为Ⅰ类或Ⅱ类水质,中下游均受到较为严重的有机污染,为劣Ⅴ类水质,主要污染物为粪大肠菌群、化学需氧量、氨氮、石油类;各监测断面水质总体保持稳定,水质污染形势依然严峻。水污染治理措施取得一定成效。与"十五"相比,"十一五"期间乌鲁木齐河水质明显改善,综合污染指数进一步下降,跃进桥断面水质类别由Ⅱ类水质变为Ⅰ类,英雄桥断面水质类别由Ⅲ类水质变为Ⅱ类。根据分析评价结果,提出了改善水环境质量的对策和建议。     

政府信息公开对“邻避”设施接受意愿的影响——基于CSS数据的实证研究

如何突破“邻避”设施建设困境,对改善城市人居环境以及推动生态文明建设具有重要意义。本文利用中国社会状况综合调查（CSS）2019年的数据,探讨了政府信息公开对“邻避”设施接受意愿的影响。研究发现：政府信息公开水平的提升有利于增强公众对“邻避”设施的接受意愿,该结果在一系列稳健性测试中依旧成立。政府信任是信息公开对“邻避”设施接受意愿影响的重要作用渠道,并且县级政府的信用作用要高于中央政府。相较而言,政府信息公开的作用对于教育水平较低以及中年群体的影响更为显著。基于此,本文提出调整“邻避”项目决策模式、丰富“邻避”项目信息公开方式、扩宽“邻避”项目监管渠道等对策建议,促进“邻避”设施顺利落地。     

Toward understanding the human dimensions of the rapidly changing arctic system: insights and approaches from five HARC projects

Human dimensions research focuses on the interrelationships between humans and the environment. To date, human dimensions research in arctic regions has concentrated primarily on local events and contexts. As such, it complements analysis elsewhere of adaptation and sustainable development within broad institutional, social, and environmental contexts. This paper reviews five projects from the Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) initiative, established by the US National Science Foundation in 1997. Common themes and findings are highlighted: climatic variations or change affect societies through interactions with human activities; population dynamics provide key quantitative indicators of social impacts and well being; and specific impacts and responses are the result of complex, context-sensitive interactions. Congruent approaches to the challenges of interdisciplinary research are also identified: multivariate time plots aid the integration of data, retrospective and prospective studies are part of a continuum and reinforce one another, comparative studies are essential for understanding general principles of human dimensions, and arctic residents can play a vital role in research and action.     

我国环境影响评价与社会稳定风险评估制度关系的思考

环境影响评价制度和社会稳定风险评估制度作为预防和控制环境影响、创新社会风险管理的重要制度,实施以来发挥了重要作用,但也出现了工作边界和内容范围交叉的问题。尤其是近年来,环境污染焦虑引发社会风险事件的建设项目不断增多,导致两者的"天然联系"愈发紧密,工作存在模糊地带的问题愈发凸显,致使建设项目行政审批繁复、执行力差。在梳理环评、稳评的发展历程和存在问题的基础上,深入分析了环评和稳评的法律地位、适用范围、评价目标、评价内容、实施主体和程序上的异同,剖析了两者在制度设计和内容衔接方面的关系,并从理清工作边界职责、环境社会风险评估结果共享、强化稳评公众参与等方面提出了环评和稳评政策衔接的建议,为政府有效实施建设项目环境、社会监管提供决策参考。     

Use Impairments and Ecosystem Impacts of the New York Bight

The New York Bight is perhaps one of the most used and abused coastal areas in the world as a consequence of urbanization and the disposal of the waste of some 20 million people who reside by its shores and surrounding bays and estuaries. A variety of sources, including those associated with sewage wastes, industrial wastes, contaminated dredged material, urban runoff, and atmospheric fallout contaminate these coastal waters. Many of the stresses of excess population and industrialization as measured by pollutant loadings and ecosystem impacts can be crudely quantified in terms of use impairments-use impairments that have measurable social and economic relevance. Five broad categories of impairment attributed to pollution in the Bight that are causing significant losses of ecological, economic, or social values are: beach closures, unsafe seafoods, hazards to commercial and recreational navigation, loss of commercial and recreational fisheries, and declines in birds, mammals and turtles. These impairments are generally caused by floatable wastes, nutrients, toxicants, pathogens and habitat loss. Measures of such impairments are not standard, nor in many cases totally quantifiable. We have examined specific subsets of these impairments in terms of their spatial and temporal changes and as a first approximation determined the economic and social significance of these changes. the cost of these impaired uses of the Bight are measured in terms of billions of dollars annually for New York and New Jersey.     

生态补偿机制建设的八大趋势

生态补偿机制在生态文明建设中发挥了重要作用。中央关于生态补偿机制顶层设计文件密集出台,生态补偿机制建设呈现出八大趋势:一是从狭义补偿拓展到广义补偿;二是从区内补偿拓展到区际补偿;三是从林水补偿拓展到土地补偿;四是从陆上补偿拓展到海洋补偿;五是从政府补偿拓展到市场补偿;六是从补偿政府拓展到补偿居民;七是从模糊补偿过渡到精准补偿;八是从单一制度演变到制度组合。完善生态补偿机制需要扫除生态环境产权界定、生态环境价值评价等技术性障碍和绩效评价不够科学、实施机制没有落地等制度性障碍。     

三峡库区表层沉积物重金属含量时空变化特征及潜在生态风险变化趋势研究

三峡工程建设以来,三峡水库干支流水文形势已发生了重大变化,造成水体悬浮物沉降条件改变,可能导致库区表层沉积物性状发生变化.通过对2000~2015年三峡水库干流江津至坝址段和嘉陵江、御临河、乌江、小江、大宁河、香溪河等主要支流表层沉积物中重金属污染物含量水平、时空变化及潜在生态风险变化趋势分析,结果表明,三峡库区在2000~2015年长江干流沉积物中铜、铅、锰、砷、汞元素各断面含量平均值区间分别为46.5~85.7、43.8~65.1、784.2~910.6、8.44~11.91、0.193~0.236 mg·kg~(-1);支流沉积物中铜、铅、锰、砷、汞元素含量平均值区间分别为16.5~85.6、25.8~74.8、573.7~996.3、6.96~13.31、0.160~0.232 mg·kg~(-1).三峡水库干流局部河段左右岸表层沉积物中重金属含量存在较明显差异;铜、铅、锰、砷、汞元素在表层沉积物中含量变化趋势各异,不同水期干支流表层沉积物中重金属含量存在一定程度波动,其中汞元素变化最为明显.不同元素在不同断面随时间变化趋势不完全一致.库区沉积物中铜、铅、锰、砷等元素含量呈现显著的正相关,但砷与其他元素相关性低;汞元素与其他重金属之间无明显相关性.地累积指数法评价表明,三峡库区表层沉积物重金属总体处于较低富集水平,但汞元素污染值得注意;长江干流及除乌江外主要支流大部分时段表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数变化较小,只在部分时段出现升高的情形;乌江表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数2008年前处于相对较高水平,但2008年后下降并趋于稳定.     

Water Quality and Land Use Changes in the Alafia and Hillsborough River Watersheds,Florida, USA1

Abstract: Spatial distribution of land use can have a substantial effect on surface and groundwater quality. Our objective was to test for trends in flow components and water quality related to changes in land use in the Alafia and Hillsborough River watersheds in Florida, USA, over the period 1974‐2007. In addition, water quality statistics were evaluated in the perspective of numeric water quality criteria and proposed reclassification of segments of the Alafia River. Trends in 10 water quality parameters and three discharge variables were evaluated using a nonparametric trend detection test. Results of land use analysis indicated substantial urbanization and loss of agricultural land in the study area. Discharge variables did not exhibit significant trends, whereas trends in the majority of water quality concentrations were negative or nonsignificant with total nitrogen and total Kjeldahl nitrogen as exceptions showing positive trends. Changes in nutrient pathways could not be clearly identified. Considering recently promulgated numeric nutrient criteria and standards for dissolved fluoride, much of the Alafia River was found to be out of compliance. While there were land use changes and changes in water quality over the study period, it was difficult to identify a direct cause‐effect relationship. Responses to regulatory efforts, such as the Clean Water Act and improvements in phosphate mining practices, may have had greater impacts on water quality than changes in land use.