均匀设计用于研究硝基苯衍生物对青海弧菌Q67的联合毒性

实验设计在混合物毒性评估与预测中起着非常重要的作用. 应用微板毒性测试方法测定了7种硝基苯衍生物对青海弧菌Q67的发光抑制毒性,硝基苯、邻氯硝基苯、间氯硝基苯、对氯硝基苯、间硝基苯胺、对硝基苯胺和对硝基甲苯的-lg EC₅₀值(EC50的单位为mol/L)分别为2.66,3.22,3.30,3.29,2.94,4.22和3.39;引入均匀实验设计方法,在单个硝基苯衍生物剂量-效应关系基础上构建不同效应浓度下的10个混合物,同样应用微板毒性测试方法测定其对Q67的毒性,应用剂量加和(DA)与独立作用(IA)原理建立了混合物毒性的评估与预测模型. 结果表明:与等效应浓度比法相比,均匀实验设计构建的混合物浓度配比,具有三维浓度分布特征,可在更大范围内考察各种可能的混合物类型,更加接近于实际环境体系.      

壳聚糖及其共聚物吸附Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)动力学研究

通过测定Cu2+和Zn2+溶液中的电导率的变化,研究壳聚糖(CTS)、壳聚糖-海藻酸钠共聚物(CTS-AGS)对Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附动力学特征,结果表明该吸附是以化学吸附为主要特征的单分子层吸附,通过计算不同情况下吸附速率常数,以及对吸附前后的扫描电镜分析,初步探讨其吸附机理。     

高效吸收氧化法处理炼油工业恶臭气体研究

以碳酸钠溶液为吸收液,对苯二酚为催化荆,研究了对炼油企业硫化氢恶臭气体的吸收氧化效果,考察了吸收氧化的影响因素、再生方法及再生效果。结果表明：高效氧化吸收法处理硫化氢恶臭气体效果很好,吸收液可循环使用。     

Environmental mutagenicity and toxicity caused by sodium metabisulfite in sea shrimp harvesting in Piauí, Brazil

Sodium metabisulfite is used in marine shrimp harvesting to prevent the occurrence of black spots. Shrimps are soaked in a sodium metabisulfite solution in ice, which is disposed of in sewages that run into marine canals, creating an environmental hazard. This study evaluates the toxicity and mutagenicity caused by sodium metabisulfite in sea waters and sediments collected in a shrimp farm in Cajueiro da Praia (Luis Correia), state of Piauí, Brazil, using the Allium cepa assay. Water and sediment samples were collected in the dry and in the rainy seasons, in three sites: upstream the shrimp farm (Site 1), at the point sodium metabisulfite is discharged (Site 2), and 100 m downstream the farm (Site 3). Three sample dilutions were used (50%, 25% and 10%) for all samples. A negative control (well water) and a positive control (copper sulfate 0.0006 mg mL⁻¹) were used in each experiment. At the end of the 72-h exposure period, onion roots were measured and removed. Mutagenicity analysis included the determination of mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations and the detection of micronuclei; analysis of root size and mitotic index were used as an index of toxicity. The A. cepa assay revealed that the water and sediments samples collected in the Piauí coast contaminated with sodium metabisulfite induce toxicity. The results demonstrate that the assay may be used as a regular tool in the analysis of water parameters in shrimp farms in the coast of Piauí state, and in strategies to preserve the region’s marine ecosystem.     

The use of respirometric measurements to determine the toxicity of textile dyes in aqueous solution and after oxidative decolourisation processes

Selected results from the degradation of reactive-dye hydrolysates after UV irradiation, ozonation and sodium peroxodisulphate (NaPS) treatment are presented. Reactive dyes with representative chromophores and anchor groups were chosen for the research project. Different stages of oxidative decolourisation were examined and determined by water parameters for biological degradation (BOD). The paper focuses on toxicity tests with Pseudomonas putida to consider whether the oxidative treatments result in products with a risk for the environment. Tests were performed with the AQUALYTIC^® Sensomat System, which measures biological oxygen demand (BOD). It was determined that the chosen oxidative treatments had as a rule no bearing on respiration of P. putida. Experiments with hydrolysates after short-term UV irradiation resulted in a slightly increased but not long-lasting toxicity in comparison with treatments with ozone or NaPS. Toxic effects were found in tests with hydrolysates of metalliferous dyes. During oxidative treatment, metals were liberated from the chromophores. This did cause complete inhibition of respiration of P. putida. Dye Blue E, a member of a dye class with chlorotriazine anchor groups, was itself found to be toxic, caused by the reactivity of the anchor group. The hydrolysate is only of minor toxicity.     

Radiosynthesis of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), including solubility, partition and adhesion studies

Here, we describe for the first time the synthesis of [³⁵S] PFOS and [³⁵S] PFBS with sulfur-35 enriched sulfur dioxide as the radiolabelled reagent, resulting in 2.5 and 2.3 mCi of product, respectively. Basic information concerning the physicochemical properties of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are still limited. Hence, we utilized these radiolabelled perfluoroalkanesulfonates (PFSAs), as well as carbon-14 labelled perfluorooctanoic acid ([¹⁴C] PFOA) to determine some basic characteristics of physiological and experimental significance.The solubility of PFOS in buffered aqueous solutions at pH 7.4 was found to be severely reduced in the presence of potassium and sodium ions, which, however, did not reduce the solubility of PFOA or PFBS. PFOS was found to adhere to a small extent to polypropylene and polystyrene, whereas no such adhesion of PFOA or PFBS was detected. The extents of adhesion of PFOS and PFOA to glass were found to be 20% and 10%, respectively. For the first time, the partition coefficients for PFOS, PFBS and PFOA between n-octanol and water were determined experimentally, to be −0.7, −0.3, and 1.4, respectively, reflecting the difference in the amphiphilic natures of these molecules.     

城市污水厂二级生物处理出水氯消毒影响因素研究

进行了城市污水厂二级生物处理出水氯消毒影响因素研究,结果表明:对次氯酸钠,二氧化氯消毒效果影响最大的是pH,其次是有机氮,COD,氨氮的影响相对较小。运用Selleck-Collins公式对数据进行分析。     

钛酸四丁酯水解制备TiO2半导体光催化剂研究

研究了钛酸四丁酯水解制备TiO2粉末的两大影响因素R值（R是水和钛酸四丁酯的摩尔比）和烧结温度。通过光催化氧化五氯苯酚钠实验，结合对催化剂晶型结构、比表面积的表征分析，综合评价所制备的催化剂。实验结果表明，当R＝100、烧结温度为650℃、烧结时间为1h，钛酸四丁酯水解所制备的T iO2半导体光催化剂催化活性和使用寿命均比较理想。从晶型结构分析，当催化剂中锐钛矿和金红石胺一定比例共存时，其催化活性较单－金红石或锐钛矿高，实难认为锐钛矿与金红石的最佳比约为2：1。     

Intranasal administration of tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyethyl ether) induces neurobehavioral changes in neonatal Sprague Dawley rats

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives are now being highly concerned due to their emerging environmental occurrence and deleterious effects on non-target organisms. Considering the potential neurotoxicity of TBBPA derivatives which has been demonstrated in vitro, what could happen in vivo is worthy of being studied. Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyethyl ether) (TBBPA-BHEE), a representative TBBPA derivative, was selected for a 21-day exposure experiment on neonatal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats through intranasal administration. The neurobehavioral, histopathological changes, and differentially expressed genes based on RNA microarray were investigated to evaluate the neurological effects of this chemical. The results indicated that TBBPA-BHEE exposure significantly compromised the motor co-ordination performance and the locomotor activities (p < 0.05). The neurobehavioral phenotype could be attributed to the obvious histopathological changes in both cerebrum and cerebellum, such as neural cell swelling, microglial activation and proliferation. A total of 911 genes were up-regulated, whereas 433 genes were down-regulated. Gene set enrichment analysis showed multiple signaling pathways, including ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and wingless-int (Wnt) signaling pathway etc. were involved due to TBBPA-BHEE exposure. The gene ontology enrichment analysis showed the basic cellular function and the neurological processes like synaptic transmission were influenced. The toxicological effects of TBBPA-BHEE observed in this study suggested the potential neuronal threaten from unintended exposure, which would be of great value in the biosafety evaluation of TBBPA derivatives.     

Persistence of fensulfothion in a sandy‐loam soil and uptake by rutabagas,carrots and radishes using microplots

Abstract

Field microplots were treated with 141 and 282 ppm fensulfothion and 37.1 and 74.2 ppm fensulfothion sulfone. These concentrations are equivalent to field treatment rates of 8.48 and 16.96 kg Al/ha, fensulfothion, and 2.23 and 4.47 kg Al/ha, fensulfothion sulfone, respectively, for banded application (10 cm wide, rows 80 cm apart). The half‐lives in a sandy loam soil were 30–39 and 14–23 days, respectively. Fensulfothion sulfone and sulfide were the main derivatives found in fensulfothion treated soil.

The maximum levels of these derivatives were 21.22 and 22.95 ppm, respectively for the 8.48 kg/ha treatment and 33.90 and 42.45 ppm, respectively, for the higher treatment, which occurred between 30–60 days.

Carrots appeared to take up more fensulfothion from soil than rutabagas or radishes. The residue levels at harvest decreased in the order carrot peel > pulp > rutabagas root > peel > pulp. Residue levels of fensulfothion and sulfone in radishes were similar to those found in rutabagas. The ratio sulfoxide/sulfone in rutabagas ranged from 0.4–1.5 and in carrots from 1.7–7.6. This phenomenon is thought to be due to oxidative enzyme systems present in rutabagas. Dimethyl phosphorothioic acid, but not dimethyl phosphoric acid was detected (max. 1.33 ppm) in some rutabagas samples but not in carrots.