Perfluorinated Surfactants in Surface and Drinking Waters (9 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope In this paper recent results are provided of an investigation on the discovery of 12 perfluorinated surfactants (PS) in different surface and drinking waters (Skutlarek et al. 2006 a, Skutlarek et al. 2006 b). In the last years, many studies have reported ubiquitous distribution of this group of perfluorinated chemicals, especially perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the environment, particularly in wildlife animal and human samples (Giesy and Kannan 2001, Houde et al. 2006, Prevedouros et al. 2006). Perfluorinated surfactants (e.g. PFOS and PFOA) have shown different potentials for reproductory interference and carcinogenity in animal experiments as well as partly long half-lives in humans (Guruge et al. 2006, FSA UK 2006a, FSA UK 2006b, 3M 2005, OECD 2002, Yao and Zhong 2005). They possess compound-dependent extreme recalcitrance against microbiological and chemical degradation and, in addition, they show variable potentials for bioaccumulation in animals and humans (Houde et al. 2006). Materials and Methods: Surface and drinking water samples were collected from different sampling sites: - Surface waters: samples taken from the rivers Rhine, Ruhr, Moehne and some of their tributaries. Further samples were taken from the Rhine-Herne-Canal and the Wesel-Datteln-Canal. - Drinking waters: samples taken in public buildings of the Rhine-Ruhr area. After sample clean-up and concentration by solid-phase extraction, the perfluorinated surfactants were determined using HPLC-MS/MS. Results: All measured concentrations (sum of seven mainly detected components) in the Rhine river and its main tributaries (mouths) were determined below 100 ng/L. The Ruhr river (tributary of the Rhine) showed the highest concentration (94 ng/L), but with a completely different pattern of components (PFOA as major component), as compared with the other tributaries and the Rhine river. Further investigations along the Ruhr river showed remarkably high concentrations of PS in the upper reaches of the Ruhr river and the Moehne river (tributary of the Ruhr) (Ruhr: up to 446 ng/L, Moehne: up to 4385 ng/L). The maximum concentration of all drinking water samples taken in the Rhine-Ruhr area was determined at 598 ng/L with the major component PFOA (519 ng/L). Discussion: The surface water contaminations most likely stem from contaminated inorganic and organic waste materials (so-called 'Abfallgemisch'). This waste material was legally applied to several agricultural areas on the upper reaches of the Moehne. Perfluorinated surfactants could be detected in some suchlike soil samples. They contaminated the river and the reservoir belonging to it, likely by superficial run-off over several months or probably years. Downstream, dilution effects are held responsible for decreasing concentrations of PS in surface waters of the Moehne and the Ruhr river. In analogy to the surface water samples, PS (major component PFOA) can be determined in many drinking water samples of the Rhine-Ruhr area where the water supplies are mainly based on bank filtration and artificial recharge. Conclusions: The concentrations found in drinking waters decreased with the concentrations of the corresponding raw water samples along the flow direction of the Ruhr river (from east to west) and were not significantly different from surface water concentrations. This indicates that perfluorinated surfactants are at present not successfully removed by water treatment steps. Recommendations and Perspectives: Because of their different problematic properties (persistence, mobility, toxicity, bioaccumulation), the concentrations of specific perfluorinated surfactants and their precursors in drinking waters and food have to be minimised. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to take the initiative to establish suitable legal regulations (limitations/ban) concerning the production and use of these surfactants and their precursors. Furthermore, it is indispensable to protect water resources from these compounds. A discussion on appropriate limit values in drinking water and foodstuffs is urgently needed. Concerning the assumed soil contamination, the corresponding regulation (Bioabfall-Verordnung 1998 – Regulation on Organic Waste 1998) should be extended to allow the control of relevant organic pollutants.     

鱼体甲基汞的萃取富集和测定

研究了苯萃取和半胱氨酸滤纸富集再用苯洗脱的方法,使鱼肉中甲基汞得到富集和提取。建立了气相色谱测定甲基汞的方法并对所建立的方法进行评价。结果表明:加标回收率为87.10%～105.69%;变异系数为2.93%。符合要求,大量样品实验表明,该方法适用于痕量甲基汞的提取和分析。     

氯化钠/纳米疏水二氧化硅超细干粉制备及灭火性能研究

选用氯化钠为基体制备金属火灾超细干粉灭火剂。应用反溶剂法对其改性,使纳米疏水二氧化硅吸附在氯化钠晶体表面,其中分散剂为PEG-1000。结果表明,纳米疏水二氧化硅的添加有利于细化氯化钠颗粒,但过量的添加会起反作用,最佳用量为3 wt%左右,平均粒径为2.18μm。镁片灭火实验证明超细复合干粉的灭火性能明显好于传统氯化钠灭火剂(商用D类灭火剂),纳米疏水二氧化硅最佳添加量为3 wt%,此时灭火时间仅需传统灭火剂的一半。最后利用FDS5.0模拟干粉颗粒与燃烧火焰作用过程,模拟结果表明干粉覆盖对火焰具有一定的抑制效果,并分析了复合干粉灭火机理。     

Renewable biomass gel reinforced core-shell dry water material as novel fire extinguishing agent

This work explores the feasibility of using chitosan (CS)-sodium alginate (SA) crosslinking gel to reinforce dry water (DW) composites. The stability and fire extinguishing efficiency of the DW powder are investigated. Compared to ordinary DW material, water loss rate of the modified DW composite is decreased, and its pressure resistance and stability are significantly increased. Moreover, it possesses higher fire extinguishing efficiency than conventional dry powder. Fire extinguishing mechanism and gel formation mechanism are proposed. The improvement in stability has great significance for the storage and transportation of DW materials. These results demonstrate the ability to create a fully green and renewable crosslinking gel capable of endowing high stability to DW material. This work provides a novel solution to improve the stability of DW materials, which will have great application prospect in fire suppression of some flammable hazardous chemicals.     

装修室内空气污染现状分析及控制途径

对天津地区住宅，办公室、医院等装修后房屋的室内空气污染物进行了监测。所监测的污染物甲醛、苯、氨气超标现象严重。其中甲醛浓度范围值为0．003-5．02mg／m^3，样本超标率为76．2％；苯浓度范围值为0．003-4．78mg／m^3，样本超标率为22．8％；氨气浓度范围值为0．004-24．75mg／m^3，样本超标率为80．7％。建议房屋装修选用符合环保要求的装饰材料。     

办公楼装修室内空气质量监测分析

目的是评价某办公楼室内装修后空气中有害物质污染水平。方法用随机抽取不同类型。布点39个，对空气中甲醛、苯、氨进行监测。结果为该办公楼室内甲醛、苯、氨平均浓度均超过国家（GBFF18883—2002）卫生标准，平均超标分别为1．1倍、1．7倍、0．3倍。苯监测合格率最高，为36％；甲醛最低，为12．8％。不同楼层甲醛、苯、氨浓度无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。同一楼层不同类型房间室内甲醛、苯、氨浓度有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论是控制室内装修污染要选用绿色环保材料，加强室内通风换气，选择合适的装修季节。     

苯在TiO2上的气相光催化反应性能

在一个循环式光反应系统中进行了苯的气相光催化实验.考察了催化剂与反应物的接触面积,催化剂用量和苯的初始浓度对苯光催化氧化反应的影响.结果表明,催化剂与反应物的接触面积和光强度的共同作用是影响苯光催化降解速度的主要因素.实验条件下,催化剂接触面积增加2倍,反应时间缩短260min.再将光强度提高1倍,反应时间缩短320min;催化剂用量对反应过程的影响主要是催化剂层吸附能力的影响,随着催化剂用量的增加这种影响逐渐减弱.当催化剂用量从0.1g增加到0.5g时,反应时间缩短100min,而从0.5g增加到1.5g时只缩短20min;当系统中苯的浓度较低时,随着初始浓度的增加反应中苯的浓度变化增大,但在高浓度系统中初始浓度的影响不明显.     

Kinetics of benzene adsorption onto activated carbon

An activated carbon bed adsorption process is influenced by the adsorbents' characteristics, volatile organic compound (VOC) characteristics, and process conditions. In the literatures, the adsorption processes of the adsorbents and VOCs were usually considered to be in equilibrium. In this study, the VOC adsorption processes by activated carbon were considered to be a kinetic process, i.e. they are not in equilibrium. Then, isothermal adsorption curves and a small column experiment were simulated.     

不同絮凝剂处理焦化废水的研究

相同条件下用3种常用的聚硅酸盐类絮凝剂（PASS，PZSS，PFSC）和高铁酸钠（Na2FeO4）处理焦化废水，实验结果表明，除聚硅酸铝在去浊方面优于高铁酸钠外，高铁酸钠无论在CODCr、色度去除率及固体悬浮物生成量等方面均优于聚硅酸盐类絮凝剂。     

炭素焙烧炉沥青烟净化处理

采用干式静电除尘技术,对炭素焙烧炉排放的含有烟尘、沥青烟的工业废气进行处理,达到既能高效净化有害气体,又能降低资金投入。处理后的各项指标为:烟尘排放浓度=20.0mg/m3,沥青烟排放浓度=14.2mg/m3,苯并(a)芘排放浓度=0.054×10-3mg/m3,所有污染物均达到排放标准。