Soil organic matter dynamics in Portuguese natural and sown rainfed grasslands

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a particularly important parameter in soil management, especially in mineral soils in Mediterranean and semi-arid countries where its concentration is low. In these conditions, increasing SOM concentration has several agronomic and environmental benefits, ranging from increase in water holding capacity to soil protection and carbon sequestration. We develop a model to express the short-term trend of SOM increase in grasslands as the balance between input and mineralization. This model is calibrated using five years of soil analyses from eight locations. In each location there were either two or three plots with the different grassland systems considered: sown biodiverse permanent pastures rich in legumes (SBPPRLs), fertilized natural grasslands (FNGs), and (un-improved) natural grasslands (NGs). SBPPRL are a new system consisting in the use of plant biodiversity to increase pasture productivity and resilience. So far, they exist mostly in Portugal.We use statistical calibration to adjust an asymptotic curve to the data and obtain the model parameters. Under the assumption of equal mineralization rates across grassland systems, we find that the expected steady-state long term SOM concentration in undisturbed SBPPRL is higher than in NG and FNG. Fertilization does not significantly increase SOM input, and so the trend in SOM is equal for NG and FNG. In 10 years, there is an average increase of 0.21 percentage points per year in SBPPRL. In turn, SOM increases in FNG and NG are 0.08 percentage points per year.     

4种替代植物对黄顶菊入侵土壤养分和酶活性的影响

入侵植物对土壤环境的影响是植物竞争取胜的重要生态策略之一,而选择合适的植物可以替代控制和抵御外来植物的入侵。比较了高丹草、向日葵、紫花苜蓿和多年生黑麦草4种植物与黄顶菊单种和混种后不同时期的土壤养分和土壤酶活性变化规律。结果表明：（1）黄顶菊单独种植根区土壤NH4＋-N、NO3-N含量均显著低于紫花苜蓿和黄顶菊混种群落,其有效磷含量显著低于高丹草和黄顶菊混种群落;（2）紫花苜蓿和黄顶菊混种群落土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著高于黄顶菊单种群落。因此,在本试验条件下,高丹草、紫花苜蓿对土壤氮素转化利用能力比黄顶菊高,且能竞争性抑制黄顶菊对土壤磷素的吸收,利于实现对黄顶菊的替代控制。     

顶空-便携式气相色谱法测定土壤中的苯系物

建立了顶空-便携式气相色谱快速测定土壤中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间对二甲苯、邻二甲苯的方法,并讨论了无机盐及振荡时间等因素对顶空分析灵敏度的影响。结果表明,方法回收率为87.2%~105.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)5.3%~7.8%,最低检出限为0.1~0.8μg/kg;苯、甲苯、乙苯、间对二甲苯、邻二甲苯的线性范围分别为0.8~160μg/kg、1.6~320μg/kg、2.0~400μg/kg、2.0~400μg/kg和3.2~800μg/kg。方法回收率、RSD与标准方法相比没有显著性差异,较之标准方法其更能满足现场快速监测的需要。     

红外法测定土壤中石油烃的改进研究

通过气相色谱-质谱法定性解析红外法测定土壤中石油烃的各前处理阶段萃取物组分变化情况,探讨了用石油醚萃取土壤中石油烃空白高的原因,发现采用二氯甲烷为萃取剂,空白值低且精密度提高.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中痕量钻

建立了硝酸－氢氟酸－盐酸混酸体系微波消解土壤样品,石墨炉原子吸收分光光谱法测定土壤中痕量钴的方法。通过对标准土样的测定结果表明,该方法容易操作、准确、可靠。     

Oxidation of antimony (III) in soil by manganese (IV) oxide using X-ray absorption fine structure

The oxidation of antimony (III) in soils was studied using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra. An andosol soil sample and artificial soil samples (SiO₂ blended with iron (III) hydroxide and manganese (IV) oxide) were used herein. After adding antimony (III) oxide to all soil samples, the oxidation process was observed by recording the XAFS spectra of Sb K-edge, Fe K-edge, and Mn K-edge. The results indicated that manganese (IV) oxide played an important role in the oxidation of Sb(III); however iron (III) hydroxide was not directly related to the reaction. During a 2-hr continuous Sb K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurement with an interval of 1 min of one of the artificial soil samples (SiO₂ + MnO₂ + Sb₂O₃), a pseudo-first-order reaction was determined with an average estimated rate of 0.52 ± 0.04 hr^? 1. Compared to the lower oxidation rate of andosol, it is suggested that because of the low concentration of Mn(IV) in natural soils, the oxidation process of Sb(III) might be relatively slow and require more time to convert Sb(III) to Sb(V).     

Release and sedimentation behaviors of biochar colloids in soil solutions

The release of biochar colloids considerably affects the stability of biochar in environment. Currently, information on the release behavior and suspension stability of biochar colloids in real soil solutions is scarce. In this study, 20 soils were collected from different districts in China and the release behavior of biochar colloids and their suspension stability in soil solutions were systematically examined. The results showed that both pyrolysis temperature and biomass source had important effects on the formation of biochar colloids in soil solutions. The formation amount of biochar colloids from low pyrolysis temperatures (400 °C) (average amount of 9.33–16.41 mg/g) were significantly higher than those from high pyrolysis temperatures (700 °C) (average amount of less than 2 mg/g). The formation amount of wheat straw-derived biochar colloids were higher than those of rice straw-derived biochar colloids probably due to the higher O/C ratio in wheat-straw biochar. Further, biochar colloidal formation amount was negatively correlated with comprehensive effect of dissolved organic carbon, Fe and Al in soil solutions. The sedimentation curve of biochar colloids in soil solutions is well described by an exponential model and demonstrated high suspension stability. Around 40% of the biochar colloids were maintained in the suspension at the final sedimentation equilibrium. The settling efficiency of biochar colloids was positively correlated with comprehensive effect of the ionic strength and K, Ca, Na, and Mg contents in soil solutions. Our findings help promote a deeper understanding of biochar loss and stability in the soil-water environment.     

基于草地畜牧业生产的三江源地区承载力多情景模拟分析

三江源地区是我国生态安全的重要屏障,同时也是我国最主要的畜牧业生产基地之一,在保证草地资源可持续利用前提下,探究合理的人口容量对该区的生态保护建设和可持续发展具有重要意义。通过模型模拟草地理论载畜量以估算畜牧业产值,设定三种居民生活水平情景,模拟不同情景不同时期下的适度人口容量,分析人口承载力的空间差异性。结果表明：“十五”期间,三种情景下全区人口承载力呈富余状态;“十一五”和“十二五”期间在当前居民和小康水平情景的人口容量尚有结余;到“十三五”期间,三种情景下人口承载力总体均超载,但空间分布不同,在当前居民、小康和富裕生活水平情景下,分别有11个、8个和2个县的人口容量尚有结余,人口承载力超载地区主要分布于三江源地区东部。应根据现有资源分布和符合主体功能要求的方向进行调整和优化人口结构,将对该地区可持续发展战略具有重要意义。     

1901—2017年藏西南高原气候及其生产潜力时空变化

研究全球变暖背景下藏西南高原气候及气候生产潜力时空分布,对该区农牧业发展、生态保护和可持续发展等具有重要意义。基于1901—2017年的中国气象再分析数据,利用Miami和Thornthwaite Memorial模型对近117年藏西南高原气候变化、气候生产潜力的时空分布及影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：近117年来藏西南高原年均温呈上升趋势,年均降水量呈下降趋势,并存在明显周期和突变点;温度生产潜力呈增加趋势,空间上自东南向西北递减;降水、蒸散和标准生产潜力呈减小趋势,呈现自南向北递减的空间分布特征;标准生产潜力由降水和温度共同决定,降水是主要限制因子。未来气候若持续“暖干化”变化,将导致藏西南高原气候生产潜力下降。为促进畜牧业发展和生态环境的改善,未来应进一步推进退牧还草、人工种草、舍饲养殖等工程,并选用耐寒耐旱高产草种,提高牧草产量,实现草畜平衡,以推动传统畜牧业向现代牧业转变,实现草原生态保护和可持续发展。     

Improvements on physical conditions of bauxite residue following application of organic materials

Soil formation and ecological rehabilitation is the most promising strategy to eliminate environmental risks of bauxite residue disposal areas. Its poor physical structure is nevertheless a major limitation to plant growth. Organic materials were demonstrated as effective ameliorants to improve the physical conditions of bauxite residue. In this study, three different organic materials including straw (5% W/W), humic acid (5% W/W), and humic acid-acrylamide polymer (0.2% and 0.4%, W/W) were selected to evaluate their effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue pretreated by phosphogypsum following a 120-day incubation experiment. The proportion of 2-1 mm macro-aggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GWD) increased following organic materials addition, which indicated that organic materials could enhance aggregate stability. Compared with straw, and humic acid, humic acid-acrylamide polymer application had improved effects on the formation of water-stable aggregates in the residues. Furthermore, organic materials increased the total porosity, total pore volume and average pore diameter, and reduced the micropore content according to nitrogen gas adsorption (NA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis, whilst enhancing water retention of the residues based on water characteristic curves. Compared with traditional organic wastes, humic acid-acrylamide polymer could be regarded as a candidate according to the comprehensive consideration of the additive amount and the effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue. These findings could provide a novel application to both Ca-contained acid solid waste and high-molecular polymers on ecological rehabilitation at disposal areas.