Managing agricultural phosphorus for water quality: Lessons from the USA and China

The accelerated eutrophication of freshwaters and to a lesser extent some coastal waters is primarily driven by phosphorus （P） inputs. While efforts to identify and limit point source inputs of P to surface waters have seen some success, nonpoint sources remain difficult to identify, target, and remediate. As further improvements in wastewater treatment technologies becomes increasingly costly, attention has focused more on nonpoint source reduction, particularly the role of agriculture. This attention was heightened over the last 10 to 20 years by a number of highly visible cases of nutrient-related water quality degradation; including the Lake Taihu, Baltic Sea, Chesapeake Bay, and Gulf of Mexico. Thus, there has been a shift to targeted management of critical sources of P loss. In both the U.S. and China, there has been an intensification of agricultural production systems in certain areas concentrate large amounts of nutrients in excess of local crop and forage needs, which has increased the potential for P loss from these areas. To address this, innovative technologies are emerging that recycle water P back to land as fertilizer. For example, in the watershed of Lake Taihu, China one of the largest surface fresh waters for drinking water supply in China, local governments have encouraged innovation and various technical trials to harvest harmful algal blooms and use them for bio-gas, agricultural fertilizers, and biofuel production. In any country, however, the economics of remediation will remain a key limitation to substantial changes in agricultural production.     

福建省水土流失地理国情监测研究与应用——以22个重点县为例

为掌握福建省境内个22重点县水土流失地理国情现状,利用高分辨率资源三号遥感卫星影像数据进行监测分析。以土壤侵蚀分类分级标准SL190-2007为依据,通过土地利用、植被覆盖度以及坡度等水土流失影响因子的信息提取,基于GIS软件平台上,建立符合福建省水土流失地理国情的遥感监测信息提取模型。经GPS进行野外调查、验证和修改,最终完成区域水土流失图斑的提取和建库工作,为科学规划与治理及其成效分析等提供科学依据。     

混合酸浸提—原子吸收法测定土壤中铜

建立了混合酸浸提对土壤样品进行前处理,并运用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收法(FAAS)分析土壤中铜的方法。结果表明:最佳前处理条件为混合酸HNO 3+HCl(1+1),浸提温度100℃,浸提时间120 min。该方法前处理简单,测定快速、结果准确,同时经多次进行加标试验验证,其结果样品测定相对标准偏差为2.2%,其回收率为95%~101%,方法可行,应用于土壤样品的微量元素分析。     

珠三角农用地土壤重金属污染治理修复研究实践与展望

利用改性膨润土材料稳定钝化修复重金属污染土壤技术对珠三角典型农用地土壤重金属Cd,Pb污染修复进行了研究与应用探讨。在对选择的典型污染工作区进行污染现状详细调查与评价的基础上,以钙基膨润土为基础材料,研制了18种改性膨润土修复材料,通过吸附解吸重金属实验筛选出7种吸附能力较强的改性材料;并通过盆栽模拟修复试验和污染场地示范修复试验,最终筛选出对Cd,Pb污染土壤有较好修复能力的修复材料,即巯基化改性膨润土及钠化胡敏酸改性膨润土。     

不同退水时间土壤种子库与地表植被关系研究

为了研究湿地不同退水时间条件下土壤种质资源与地表植被关系的特征,在三个不同的水位条件下,通过幼苗萌发法对野鸭湖湿地近十年来退水湿地面积中土壤种子资源的分布格局进行了研究,同时,对该区域的地表植被在不同退水时间条件下进行了春、夏、秋三次统计。结果表明,土壤中的种子与地表植被在不同的退水时间条件下,差异显著。文章同时还分析了在不同退水时间条件下,土壤种质资源与地表植被产生差异的原因,为今后利用土壤种子资源在湿地恢复和湿地保护过程中的应用提供理论参考。     

防治土壤污染应标本兼治

简要论述了土壤污染具有隐蔽、长期性和不易修复等特点,危害较大。针对土壤的危害,提出了防治对策。     

微波消解-双道原子荧光分析仪联合测定土壤中砷和汞

应用AFS-9530型双道原子荧光光谱法研究土壤样品中砷和汞的联合测定技术,将土壤样品置于(1+1)王水的微波消解体系中进行消解,加入1m L 5%的重铬酸钾溶液保护汞,加入5m L(5%硫脲+5%抗坏血酸)混合液将五价砷还原为三价,以硼氢化钾为还原剂在5%盐酸介质中测定砷和汞,最低检出限为砷0.55μg/L,汞0.30μg/L,回收率砷在93.5%—105.8%之间,汞在85.5%—104.9%之间,满足准确度要求。     

Soil organic carbon decomposition and carbon pools in temperate and sub-tropical forests in China

Decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) is a critical component of the global carbon cycle, and accurate estimates of SOC decomposition are important for forest carbon modeling and ultimately for decision making relative to carbon sequestration and mitigation of global climate change. We determined the major pools of SOC in four sites representing major forest types in China: temperate forests at Changbai Mountain (CBM) and Qilian Mountain (QLM), and sub-tropical forests at Yujiang (YJ) and Liping (LP) counties. A 90-day laboratory incubation was conducted to measure CO(2) evolution from forest soils from each site, and data from the incubation study were fitted to a three-pool first-order model that separated mineralizable soil organic carbon into active (C(a)), slow (C(s)) and resistant (C(r)) carbon pools. Results indicate that: (1) the rate of SOC decomposition in the sub-tropical zone was faster than that in the temperature zone, (2) The C(a) pool comprised approximately 1-3% of SOC with an average mean residence time (MRT) of 219 days. The C(s) pool comprised approximately 25-65% with an average MRT of 78 yr. The C(r) pool accounted for approximately 35-80% of SOC, (3) The YJ site in the sub-tropical zone had the greatest C(a) pool and the lowest MRT, while the QLM in the temperature zone had the greatest MRT for both the C(a) and C(s) pools. The results suggest a higher capacity for long-term C sequestration as SOC in temperature forests than in sub-tropical forests.     

Tests of soil organic carbon density modeled by InTEC in China's forest ecosystems

The integrated terrestrial ecosystem C-budget model (InTEC) developed by Chen and co-workers has been used successfully to predict carbon dynamics of forests in Canada. It was tested here for forest soil organic carbon (SOC) density of China's northern temperate zone and southern subtropical zone. The results show that the simulated SOC density is highly correlated and in broad agreement with observations in Liping and in Changbaishan, representing the southern subtropical zone and the northern temperate zone in China, respectively. SOC density ranged from 2.2 to 11.2 kg/m(2) in Liping and from 3.4 to 14.8 kg/m(2) in Changbaishan. The correlation coefficients (r(2)) are 0.63 (N=16) and 0.76 (N=14) between the simulated and measured data in Liping and Changbaishan, respectively. The SOC densities under different vegetation types in Liping decrease in the order of mixed forest, broadleaf forest, Chinese fir, couch grass, and Chinese redpine, and in Changbaishan in the order of mixed forest, silver fir, larch forest, and birch forest.